Stage lighting instruments (lanterns, or luminaires in Europe) are used in stage lighting to illuminate theatrical productions, concerts and other performances that take place at live venues. They are also used to turn on television studios and sound stage.
Many stagecraft terms vary between the United States and Britain. In the United States, lighting fixtures are often called "instruments" or "units". In the UK, they are called "lanterns" or "luminaires". This article primarily uses a generic term for the United States.
Video Stage lighting instrument
Components
- See the image at the top right for the physical location of most components.
The stage lighting instruments all have the following components:
Housing
Lighting housing is a metal or plastic container that acts as a body for the entire instrument and prevents spillage in an unwanted direction. It consists of all the outside parts of the equipment except the lens or opening. Housing can be designed with special elements that help reduce heat and improve lamp efficiency. Older instruments are made of steel and aluminum that are rolled and worked on. With the advent of Source Four, many lighting instruments are being made from die cast metal. Die casting allows for a single lightweight body that is more economical to produce and use. The first lantern to use die cast was the Strand Pattern 23 designed by Fred Bentham in 1953, where this small mirror enjoys 30 years of production and find its way to many English schools, halls and theaters. Some instruments are made of plastic, such as Selecon Pacific.
Lens or open
The opening of samad is a gap in the housing from which the rays of light are meant to come. Many fixtures use lenses to help control light beam, though some, such as border lights or cyclorama, have no optical lenses or optics other than reflectors. Lenses and reflectors, along with other light-converting devices, are both considered part of the optical system.
Reflector
Reflector affects the quality and direction of the light output. The reflector is located behind or around the light source in such a way as to direct more light toward the lens or aperture. Each unit has a characteristic reflector, used in conjunction with a lens (or lack thereof) to create the desired effect. The ellipsoidal reflector has a set of lights at one focal point of the reflective ellipsoid reflector and focuses on the second focal point of the ellipse. It focuses the rays of light into dense rays. Ellipsoidal reflectors are often used for tight and focused points, although they can be used for spotlights, such as on spoons (see below). The parabolic reflector has a set of lights at the focal point of the parabolic reflector that reflects light in parallel rays from the reflector. There is no point at which light is fused, so the light can not be moved. Parabolic reflectors used for lamps are intended to provide unfocused leaching, such as PAR cans.
Reflectors can also be used to selectively reduce or eliminate unwanted thermal emissions. The incandescent light generates through filament heating, while the arc lamp produces light through heating and ionizing the gas. In both cases, this heat is also emitted from the lamp as infrared light. Heat energy is often projected onto the stage with visible light, and thousands of watt incandescent bulbs can be very hot for actors on stage. Specially designed reflectors are able to absorb and eliminate infrared in the fixture before visible light reaches the stage.
Yoke
Most instruments are suspended or supported by a U-shaped yoke, fixed at two points to the side of the instrument, giving the rotation axis. The base of the yoke is usually a bolt in which the yoke can be rotated, providing a second round axis. Combined together, these two axes allow the fixture to point almost anywhere in the circular motion range that surrounds the yoke.
The yoke is connected to a pipe or batten by one of the clamps mentioned below. It can also be embedded on a deck with a floor holder, or attached to a set with a stage screw.
Several motorized axles, allowing remote control systems to change the pointing spot of equipment during the show.
Appendix Apparatus
C-Clamps are hook clamps that use threaded bolts to stick to pipes or battens and to hold secure instruments. Once secured, the equipment can be panned and tilted using the adjustment buttons on the yoke and tongs. In addition, the safety cable (the aircraft cable loop ending with the carabiner) is used to support the lighting instrument if the clamps fail. The side arm is a metal pole that is bolted to an instrument with a clamp at the end. This allows the instrument to be hung on the electric side rather than underneath.
Light source or arc
Most theater lights are tungsten-halogen (or quartz halogen), an increase in the original incandescent design using halogen gas instead of inert gas. Fluorescent lamps are rarely used other than as a work light (see below). Although they are much more efficient, they can not be dimmed (running less than full power) without using a special dimmer, can not fade to a very low level, not producing light from a single point or easily concentrated area. , and have a warm-up period in which they emit light or do it intermittently. High intensity discharge lamps (or HID lamps) are now common where very bright light output is required, for example at large follow points, HMI (hydrargyrum medium-arc iodide) floods, and modern automated fixtures. Since this type of lamp can not be electrically dimmed, dimming is done by douser mechanics or windows that physically block parts of the lamp to reduce output. Some specially designed equipment now uses a light-emitting diode (LED) as a light source. An ideal LED in which an intense but unfocused light source is needed, such as to light a cyclorama.
Accessories
Conventional (non-intelligent) equipment is designed to receive a number of different accessories intended to aid in the modification of output. The most common, found in almost all stage lights, is the gel frame holders. The gel frame holders are intended to hold the gel, mounted on cardboard or metal gel frames. Other common accessories include gobo or rotator holders, iris holders, donuts, warehouse doors, and color rollers.
Maps Stage lighting instrument
Type
Lighting instruments can be broadly split into two categories: spotlights , which illuminate a large area, and floodlights (sometimes known as profiles ), which produces smaller, more controllable rays. The difference is to do with the characteristics of light produced by the instrument. Spotlights produce potentially focused light, while the floodlights produce much more diffuse light. Instruments that fall somewhere in the middle of the spectrum can be classified as a place or flood, depending on the type of instrument and how it is used.
Floodlight
PAR Lights
Aluminized Parabolic Reflector Lamps , or PAR Lights , or PAR cans , are used when large amounts of flat lighting are required for a scene. An PAR can be a parallel beam PAR lamp placed in a unit such as a simple can. Like ancient automotive lamps, reflectors are an integral part of the lamp and the unit's ray diffuses can not be adjusted except by replacing the lamp. PAR lamps are widely used in architectural lighting and can often be found in hardware stores. PAR lamps have been widely used in rock and roll shows, especially those with smaller budgets, due to their low cost, light weight, easy maintenance, high durability, and high output. They are often used in combination with smoke or fog machines that make visible light paths. They are also often used as a top, back, or side lamp in the theater and for special effects.
All PAR lamps except those with narrow or very narrow lenses produce a strong oval light pool, some with fixed focus and soft edges. To adjust the oval orientation, the lamp should be rotated. The numbers associated with PAR lamps (eg: Par 64, Par 36, Par 16) show the diameter of the lamp in eight inches.
Different emission angles can be obtained at PAR-64. The beam angle is determined by the light. The lights come in "very narrow" (6 ° x 12 °), "narrow" (7 ° x 14 °), "medium" (12 ° x 28 °), and "wide" ° x 48 °). Each angle has two numerical values ​​because of elliptical beams rather than circular. PAR 16 is often referred to as "birdie .
PAR-bars are aluminum pipes with permanently installed par cans and disirkuit through pipes. Par-bar with 4 instruments is often referred to as 4-bar , and par-bar with 6 instruments is referred to as 6-bar .
In 1995 Electronic Theater Controls (ETC) introduced the Four Sources PAR as an alternative to PAR tins. Four PAR sources use separate lamps from lens assemblies and reflectors.
Strip light
Striped lights , also known as cyclorama or cyclic lights (so named because they are effective for cyclorama lighting, curtains at the back of the stage), border lights , and codas (with brand names), is a longhouse usually containing multiple lights arranged along the instrument and emits light perpendicular to its length. Lights are often covered with several colored gels (often red, green, and blue, which, theoretically, allow almost any color to be mixed) with every color controlled by a separate electric dimmer circuit. Many line lamps use round glass pieces (called roundels ) rather than plastic gels for color. Roundel can sustain heavy use for long periods of time without fading and is often found in more permanent installations.
Scoop light
Spoon light or spoon is a circular fixture that has no lens. They have an ellipsoidal reflector on the back of the fixture that directs the light out of the fixture. Because they do not have any type of lens system they are cheaper than other equipment. However, the light can not be focused at all (even PAR allows more control of the shovel). Scoops are most often used to flood the stage with light from the top, or to a light background. Spoons can have gel taped. Sometimes they are used as a work light (see below).
Home work lights and lights
The home light gives light to theater seats and aisles for viewers before and after the show and during intermission. They are generally incandescent, but neon or spoon lights can be used in some instances. Home lights are often controlled by dimmers, but sometimes on simple switches. The Work Light provides general lighting backstage or inside the house, and is often a fluorescent fixture. The work light is almost always non-dim.
Homes and work lights usually die during the show but are sometimes included in the lighting design to set the focus or emphasize the plot elements. When the home light is not on the dimmer, the switch is usually under the control of the stage manager.
LED stage light
The LED stage lighting instrument is a stage lighting instrument that uses a light-emitting diode (LED) as a light source. The LED instrument is an alternative to traditional stage lighting instruments that use halogen lamps or high-intensity discharge lamps. Like other LED instruments, they have high light output with low power consumption. Most LED fixtures use three or more colors (usually red, green, and blue) that can be mixed to make any color hypothetically.
Type
LED stage lights are available in four main types. PAR cans, spotlights, spotlights, and type "head moves". In the LED PAR tin, a circular printed circuit board with installed LEDs is used in place of PAR lamps. The moving head type may be an LED bank mounted on a more conventional yoke or headlamp with a bulb replaced with an LED bank.
Usage
LED instruments can and have been used to replace conventional lighting fixtures, and some performances, such as the recent Radiohead tour, use only LED lighting instruments. Most shows use LEDs only for cycloramas lighting, or as headlights, side or back because of low throwing distance. They can also be used as a blinders audience (lights pointing directly at the audience from a low angle).
Highlight
highlights are any lighting instruments used in the theater to create a set of lights on stage. There are many types of spotlights that are divided into three common areas:
- Fresnel lanterns or Fresnels (USA) are small fixtures that give the place a soft eye or a collection of light. Their names are derived from the different jagged Fresnel lenses used on the front.
- Spot profiles (UK) or ellipsoidal reflector floodlights (AS) tend to be longer fixtures containing convex lenses and have gates at their focal point allowing insertion of gobos or iris to form a light beam. They provide the hardest rays most often associated in the public mind with "spotlights". The big version is operated by technicians as 'followpot' to follow players on stage. Spot Terms The profile used in the UK refers to the possible focus highlight, or may not be using ellipsoidal reflector design, this design is not common in the UK until the 1970s and many British and European manufacturers still have to adopt this design instead of choosing a PC lens design twin.
- Pebble Convex lanterns (or "PCs") are similar to Fresnels, but use a plano-convex lens with a wrinkled effect on the planar side (flat), resulting in fewer "spills" outside the main beam. They are used much more widely in Europe than North America.
Lantern Fresnel
A Fresnel lantern (UK), or just Fresnel (USA), uses a Fresnel lens to wash light above the stage area. This lens is named after the French physicist Augustin-Jean Fresnel, and consequently pronounced with "s" silent. Typical lenses have a 'stepping' appearance instead of a 'full' or 'delicate' appearance from those used in other lanterns. The resulting light is very wide and soft-eyed, creating a soft shadow, and is commonly used for backlight, upper light, and side light. Another method of controlling the spreading of light is by using an upper cap (also referred to as snoot), which generally limits the outgoing light, or granary doors, whose lid works as if they were a window on the ERS (shown on the right). These methods limit the output of light and keep excessive light from spilling into the eyes of the audience or where undesirable.
Fresnel uses a round reflector, with the lights at the focal point. Lights and reflectors keep the unit fixed inside the housing, and move forward and backward to focus the light. This is done by using a slider on the bottom or side of the lantern, or using a worm track. At a very tight focus, the lantern is the most inefficient, because the least light can get out of the house. Therefore, Fresnels is not good for a tight focus on small areas. They are most commonly used at medium range from stage to area lighting.
In 1999, the ETC introduced new lighting fixtures, Four PARNel Sources, which incorporated PAR equipment designs with Fresnel. This equipment is more versatile, allowing for a flood or a softer place.
Ellipsoidal reflector spotlight
The ellipsoidal reflector spotlight , also known as profile (after its ability to project a silhouette or any profile placed at the gate) and DÃÆ' Â © coupe (France), is the most abundant type of instrument currently in theatrical use. The flexibility of ERS allows it to fulfill most of the lighting roles in the theater. They are sometimes known as
The main components of ERS light are the casing where the internal parts are fitted, the ellipsoidal reflector located behind the casing, the lamp mounted to place the filament at the ellipsoid rear focal point, the double lens plano-convex (two plano-convex lenses facing each other in the barrel), and in front, the gel frame to hold the color gel. The light from the lamp is efficiently collected by the ellipsoidal reflector and sent forward through the gates, windows and lens system.
ERS or lantern profiles have many useful features. One of the most useful is the metal shutters in the focal plane of the lens to form the light beam. The original shape of the beam was round, but with the use of window one can restrict the beam to avoid obstacles or parts of the set that should not be illuminated in a particular view. Another feature is the gateway, also in the focal plane, to glide in gobos (also known as template or deck ). It has a cut pattern into it, like a stencil. These patterns are projected onto the stage. An iris can also be inserted in this position to make the rays smaller in diameter, reducing the light thrown without the sharp edges of the shutters. ERS instruments from ETC, Altman, Selecon, and various others have replaceable barrel tubes (or barrels ) that can create very sharp or very soft rays and change the spread of the files. The size of the barrel can range from a narrow, 5 or 10-degree distance to a large area and a short distance of 50- or even 90 degrees. The first 90-degree lantern profile was developed by Selecon Performance Lighting as part of their "Pacific" product suite. Since the introduction of many other manufacturers have introduced their own 90 degree barrels. ERS instruments allow many different lens tubes to be used with the same body. This makes them more versatile, because places can buy different levels of barrels without buying many instruments. Many manufacturers also produce zoom lenses that offer the ability to change the angle of light. Some zoom ranges have worse optical quality making it difficult to use in sharp focus.
Field angle
The angle of the instrument field is the angle of light rays that reaches 10% of centerlight intensity. Most manufacturers now use a field angle to indicate the distribution of the equipment. However, older equipment is described by the lens width x instrument focal length . For example, the 6x9 ellipsoidal will have a 6 "lens and a focal length of 9" (creates around a 37 Â ° beam angle). This nomenclature is used because traditionally a larger lens is directly equated with more light output. This is no longer true, so most manufacturers now identify their fixtures with light angles and light output. As the angle of the field narrows, the instrument can be used farther from the stage to make the same-sized beam as a closer and larger instrument, or it can be used from the same distance to make smaller rays.
Projector beam
The projector beam is a lensless instrument with very small ray spread. It uses two reflectors. The main reflector is a parabolic reflector and the secondary reflector is a spherical reflector. The parabolic reflector directs light to almost parallel beams, and the ball reflector is placed in front of the lamp to reflect light from the lamp back to the parabolic reflector, which reduces the spillage. The result is a powerful light shaft that can not be easily controlled or modified. Projector beams are no longer used as far as they used to, because newer fixtures and PAR lamps have created an easier way to produce effects.
Followspot
followingpot (also called spotlight , trackspot , chalk (uk), or vault ) is a lighting instrument that is moved during a performance by the operator or by a DMX control to provide extra emphasis or illumination and usually to follow certain players moving around the stage. Follow spots are usually used in musical and opera theaters to highlight the stars of the show, but can also be used in dramas. They are also used in sports venues, as well as many other applications.
These lighting instruments come in a variety of sizes with light sources ranging from low power incandescent bulbs to powerful xenon arc lamps. Arctic light spots generally occurred until the 1990s, using an arc between the carbon rods as their light source. The following places require special installations that include high volume ventilation due to the harmful smoke generated by carbon arcs. The current generation, xenon, has very high internal pressure in the lamp and thus has its own security problem.
Followspots contain various operator-controlled optical mechanisms. They may include mechanical windows, allowing light to be watered without turning off the lights, lenses to control and focus the beam width, and the internal color gel, often in color magazines.
Smart lighting
The moving lights (or smart equipment ) began gaining wide acceptance in the concert industry in the early 1980s. As the digital age evolves, the cost of this equipment is reduced, and is increasingly used in many large theatrical productions.
Their main feature is the ability to control the movement and characteristics of the light output. This is achieved by removing mirrors that reflect light, or by moving the entire equipment, which can shift and tilt using a motor yoke. Usually they also contain other controls to shape, texture and color of light, such as gobo or dichroic wheels. This ability to precisely, and repeatedly adjust the fixture position allows one light to perform multiple functions, illuminating different areas in different ways. They can also move 'alive' (with lights on), to achieve the many effects used in modern production.
The majority of intelligent equipment uses arc lamps as light sources, and therefore uses a variety of mechanical methods to achieve dimming effects. Some fixtures use standard halogen lamps. Mechanically, stepper motors connected to various internal optical devices (such as gobos and color wheels) manipulate light before escaping from the front lens fixture.
Disposal equipment sees the competitive edge of the LED industry, and many companies now offer LED-based intelligent lighting fixtures in all intelligent lighting genres ranging from washing equipment to spot supplies, file-type equipment and hybrid units that combine two or all of these types.
Moving light programs are often much more complex than stationary instruments. While it is possible to operate it with any console using the DMX512 Protocol, many lighting board operators find a dedicated console to move light operations much more efficiently. Often there will be an encoder wheel that will control Pan, Tilt, Focus, Zoom, Color, and Effect. Many people find visualization software (such as WYSWIG, VectorWorks, and others) to help with programming while others prefer tactile control.
Intelligent lamps are greatly used in performances in very large places, such as events in stadiums, where it is very difficult to reach the lighting truss for manual focus. Although equipment may not be moved during the show, they focus from a distance.
References
External links
- Pages in the lighting instrument
- Strand Archive. Information about old lighting instruments
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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