Cigarette smoking is the leading cause of death in the United States. Some effects of smoking have been linked to heart disease and lung cancer, and women who smoke during pregnancy are more prone to preterm labor. With certain feminine packaging and slogans, more slim and light cigarettes, and women smoking on popular movies and TV shows, the tobacco industry is able to increase the percentage of women who smoke. In the 1980s, the tobacco industry was made to warn the surgeons printed on every package of tobacco products. This slows the pace of female smoking, but then slightly increases after ads begin to look more today and more attractive packaging, which appeals to the younger generation. More recently, smoking has been banned from public places and will continue to help reduce smoking rates in the United States.
In 2010 in Gaza, women's ban on public places was implemented.
In Public Health Effects and Effects for the Women's section, this article provides specific statistics on the health effects on women and in general.
As far as the future, smoking levels continue to decline in developed and developing countries in developing countries.
Video Women and smoking
Countries and territories
United States
The tobacco industry embarked on a strong marketing campaign aimed at women beginning in 1920 in the United States. This campaign becomes more aggressive as time goes by and marketing in general becomes more prominent. Marketing practices devoted exclusively to women continue to this day and are now widespread globally.
Pre-1920
In 1911, the Sherman Anti-Trust Act split the American Tobacco Trust into several different companies, making the market share vital to the survival of each company. The resulting competition encourages innovation both in product and marketing, and ultimately evolves into brand ideas. By 1915, Camel Reynolds had become the first truly national brand. Coming soon is Liggett & amp; Myers' Chesterfield and Lucky Strike from American Tobacco Company. These brands are modern and appealing to the modern sensibilities that took over the people of the United States at the time.
1920s-1940s
At the beginning of the 20th century, the anti-tobacco movement was aimed primarily at women and children. Smoking is considered a dirty habit and smoking by women is seriously criticized by the public. As the century progressed, women's desire for equality also increased. The voting movement gives many women a sense of rights and freedoms and the tobacco industry takes advantage of marketing opportunities. Tobacco companies began to market cigarettes to attract women during the growing women's movement of the 1920s. American Tobacco Company began targeting women with their ads for Lucky Strikes. Lucky Strike is trying to give women a reason why they should smoke Luckies. They use ads featuring prominent women, such as Amelia Earhart, and begging women's pride by promising a slimming effect. Most ads also convey the image of a cheerful and confident woman who would appeal to a modern woman in the 1920s. Ads grow more luxurious with paid celebrity testimonials and far-reaching claims about how Lucky Strikes can improve your life. Their most aggressive campaigns directly challenge the candy industry by encouraging women to "reach for Lucky, not sweet." This aggressive campaign paid off making Lucky Strike the most smoked brand in a decade.
Other companies follow a successful ad campaign from American Tobacco Company with their own version. Phillip Morris Company introduced Marlboro cigarettes in 1925. Marlboros was advertised as "light as May" and featured elegant ivory tips that appealed to women. Other brands offer similar ads that appeal to the beauty and style of women and make cigarettes an enticing part of many women's lives. Ads that associate pride and beauty are specific enough for women and do exactly what they should do. The fear of weight gain remains the main reason women continue to smoke. Ad campaigns successfully promote cigarettes as products that have special qualities including equality, autonomy, glamor and beauty.
In the analysis of the contents of North American and English editions of Vogue, Cheryl Krasnick Warsh and Penny Tinkler traced the representation of women smokers from the 1920s through the 1960s, concluding that magazines "put cigarettes within the feminine elite culture," linking it to "behavioral and appearance constellations are presented as desirable characteristics of elitism, through lifestyle themes," look, "and feminine confidence."
1950s-1970s
The late 1950s and early 1960s brought new strikes of cigarette brands. Every brand new cigarette introduced so far advertises its unique benefits. The major new innovation in tobacco marketing is filtered cigarettes. Filters make cigarettes not too hard to smoke and offer the appearance of eliminating potentially harmful particles. The 1950s began transforming Marlboros's image from elite cigarettes to everyone's cigarettes and also seeing the introductions of powerful Marlboro men, such as athletes, and more famous cowboys. The change in Marlboro brand means Philip Morris does not have a cigarette intended for women.
The 1950s also began booming in advertising for tobacco companies. Advertisements featuring leading movie and television stars are commonplace and tobacco companies are also sponsoring television shows, gaming performances, and other broadcast media. One of the most popular is the sponsors Philip Morris of the show I Love Lucy . The opening shows two stars of the show with a giant Philip Morris cigarette pack. Your Hit Parade show is proudly sponsored by the American Tobacco Lucky Strike brand.
In 1965, it was reported that 33.9% of women smoked. Virginia Slims came to market in 1968, and used the phrase "You have had a baby far away." This is the first cigarette that is marketed only as a women's cigarette. Cigarette is longer, slimmer, and overall more elegant and feminine. The ads depict photographs of glamorous women who look at photos of women who perform worldly tasks such as washing clothes or household chores. 1970 saw the release of Liggett & amp; Myers Tobacco Company's entry into a women's cigarette, Eve. Eve's cigarette is definitely more feminine than Virginia Slims. Eve features flowers or other feminine motifs on the packaging and the cigarette itself.
The 1970s delivered at the end of television commercials and the beginning of print ads carrying health warnings about the dangers of smoking. The 1970s also brought an almost annual report from the Surgeon General's office on the health consequences of smoking. In 1970, it was reported 31.5% of women were smokers. Tobacco companies are banned from advertising on television, but smartly move the market focus to sponsor sporting and entertainment events. In 1973, a widely publicized tennis match dubbed "The Battle of Sex" featured Billie Jean King, a long-established Virginia Slims spokesman, wearing a dress in color and color. America was a wild fighter in the 1970s and Billie Jean King was a superstar. Virginia Slims sponsored the Tennis Women's Association Tour for almost twenty years. The 1970s ended with filtered cigarettes almost completely overtaking the market.
The 1980s and beyond
The year 1980 began with the first Surgeon General's Report on the Health Consequences of Smoking for Women. The report - published almost 15 years after the Surgeon General Report of 1964 - came nearly sixty years after tobacco companies began marketing their products to women. The female smoking rate in 1980 was 29.3%. In 1987, Brown & amp; Williamson introduced the Capri cigarette, which corresponds to other feminine cigarettes is a long, sleek, and elegant cigarette directed into the feminine hand.
1990 saw the female smoking rate at 22.8%, continuing its slow decline. Virginia Slims tennis tour ended in 1994, after 23 years of success. This is just one of many broad-spectrum advertising methods that ended in the 1980s and 1990s when public sentiment about smoking began to change. The 1990s was characterized by a continuing ban on smoking in public places and workplaces. The late 1980s and 1990s were also characterized by increased marketing for teenagers and young adults. Many of the same marketing strategies used with women are used with this target group. In 1998, the female smoking rate fell to 22%. 1998 also marks the year of the Main Settlement Agreement.
The beginning of the 21st century saw women smoking at a rate of 22.8%, which was a slight increase compared to the previous decade. Advertising and marketing remain static after the 1998 Settlement Agreement. Ad campaigns appear to present more modern and more modern packaging and language, appealing to younger and more hyper demographics. In 2001, the latest Surgeon General report on women and smoking was released. RJ Reynolds entered the women's market in 2007, with Camel no. 9. The packaging is very contemporary in shades, and very feminine at the same time. It features pink edges as distinct contrast on black packaging and the inside of the package is coated with pink paper. Cigarettes are sold in light and mild menthol varieties, with the latter displaying the spotlight and foil instead of the pink of ordinary lights. The first decade of the century was also marked by mass smoking regulations. A number of cities, municipalities and states have passed laws that prohibit smoking in public places, such as bars, restaurants, and various other public places. This is a growing phenomenon, which will help reduce smoking rates in the United States. The overall smoking rate in the United States has decreased from about 46% in 1950 to about 21% in 2004.
Japanese
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Egypt
Gaza
Religious ban on women smoking
In 2010, the Hamas-led Islamist government in Gaza imposed a ban on women who suck popular nargilena in public. A spokesman for the Interior Ministry explained that "It is inappropriate for a woman to sit cross-legged and smoke in public, this damages the image of our people." The ban was immediately lifted and the women again smoked in popular places like cafes in Crazy Water Park Gaza. The park was burned by masked men in September 2010, after being shut down by Hamas. The Committee for the Propagation of Virtue and Prevention of Representatives (Gaza Strip) has arrested women for smoking in public.
Syria
Maps Women and smoking
General health effects
According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, smoking is the leading cause of preventable death in the United States and generates substantial public health-related economic costs. "During the time between 1995 and 1999, smoking caused about 440,000 premature deaths per year and about $ 157 billion in" health-related health losses. "Smoking has been known to increase risk, and has been associated with, a large number of adverse health effects. For example, "Cigarette smoking accounts for about one-third of all cancers, including 90 percent of cases of lung cancer. Smoking also causes lung diseases such as chronic bronchitis and emphysema, which increases the risk of heart disease, including stroke, heart attack, vascular disease, and aneurysms. According to the 2004 Surgeon General Report, entitled "The Health of Smoking Consequences," other consequences of smoking include an increased risk of cataracts, lower levels of antioxidants, especially vitamin C, increased inflammation, and periodontitis.
Unique gender differences and health effects for women
In the United States, although the level of public smoking declined - "24.1% in 1998 to 20.6% in 2008," and there was a higher rate among men - the gender health consequences illustrate that women are at a disadvantage greater than. "In 2008, smoking prevalence was higher among males (23%) than for females (18.3%)," but the gender gap appears to be narrowing. Before the rate of smoking increased recently, women typically experience different smoking effects compared to men. For example, the decrease in life expectancy is greater for female smokers when compared with male smokers. On average, while an adult male loses 13.2 years of smoking, an adult female smoker loses 14.5 years of life. This decrease in life expectancy for male smokers reflects gender differences in overall life expectancy. However, when it comes to smokers in particular, men tend to smoke heavier than women. But women continue to show more destructive results.
As mentioned earlier, smoking is caused by most cases of lung cancer. Over the years lung cancer mortality has increased dramatically among women. "In 1987, lung cancer surpassed breast cancer to be the leading cause of cancer death among US women." Smoking now accounts for 80% of specific lung cancer deaths among women. Although, there is a clearer campaign to raise funds for breast cancer research and possible healing, more women are dying of lung cancer. The study also continues to question whether women are likely to be more susceptible to lung cancer, regardless of similar exposure as their male counterparts. However, making answers is definitely difficult, so the problem remains controversial. In looking at other aspects of the respiratory system, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) is another major problem among women who smoke. The risk of experiencing COPD increases with the number and duration and smoking account for 90 percent mortality of COPD.
The effects of smoking on women's cardiovascular health begin to show more sex differences. Heart disease continues to be the leading cause of death nationally, and one risk factor is smoking. Unique to women, smoking lowers estrogen and high density lipoproteins that prevent clogging of the arteries. For many women the effect of smoking on heart health really becomes clear later on. Among current female smokers, "the likelihood of dying from heart disease or lung cancer exceeds the chances of dying from breast cancer from 40 years (and doing so by at least a factor of 5 after age 55)." This habit becomes especially important when women also take birth control as these two concerts increase, moreover, the chances of women having a stroke or heart attack.
When looking at older women, research has illustrated that those who smoke in their postmenopausal stage tend to have lower bone density along with more hip fractures when compared to their non-smoker counterparts. For younger women groups, during their reproductive phase, smoking affects their reproductive health as well as pregnancy outcomes. Research has revealed that smoking makes women more difficult to conceive and can also cause infertility. Women who smoke when they are pregnant increase their chances of having an earlier delivery and a low birth weight baby. One of the many serious effects on the fetus itself is Sudden Infant Death Syndrome (SIDS). Studies have shown that "infants of mothers who smoke during and after pregnancy are 3 to 4 times more likely to die of sudden infant death syndrome (SIDS) than babies for non-smoking mothers.
The future: women, smoking, and globalization
As smoking rates decline in developed countries, they are increasing in the developing world. Major cigarette producers have more than tripled the number of cigarettes exported in the last 35 years. Tobacco companies use the same strategy to attract women in other countries they use in the early days of attracting American women. Offering attractive ads that describe cigarettes as modern, empowering, and freeing a draw on a smoker who strives to the maximum extent possible. The smoking bans in the United States are happening all over the world. In other countries (as in the United States), tobacco manufacturers avoid advertising restrictions by sponsoring events, retailing support, and advertising in alternative markets such as satellite television channels. These methods have proven to be quite successful for the tobacco industry. Incredibly, in the global market, the trend toward the market is becoming increasingly women in the future, but only time will tell for sure.
Delving Deeper: Women, smoking and globalization
When discussing smoking among women, it is also important to consider the fact that smoking, and tobacco use in general, is a global problem not limited to the Western border. The World Health Organization (WHO) notes a striking difference between women in different geographic locations because it states that "[a] about 22 percent of women in developed countries and 9 percent of women in developing countries smoke tobacco." However, numerically the number of women can be more in developing countries.
In his article, Fred C. Pampel looks at why these differences may exist and shows reasons related to gender equality, cigarette diffusion, economic factors and smoking policies. For women in countries where traditional gender roles have been changed, it becomes more socially acceptable for women to start smoking. However, this evidence should not hinder a deeper view of smoking among women in developed countries.
And, as smoking rates among people in developed countries are slowing down, smoking rates among middle- and lower-income countries are on the rise. especially affecting women in developing regions because they are most at risk when high male cigarette use. The latest statistics show that about 70% of tobacco users live in developing countries, and about half of men in these countries are smokers. Although women are not primarily smokers, they are still exposed to environmental tobacco smoke (ETS). When among men who smoke, the risk of passive smoking increases for women either at home or at work. When referring back to the gender-specific effects of smoking on women, we know that smoking and passive smokers not only affect women's bodies but also have an adverse outcome on the health of their children. This problem is exacerbated in developing countries that may already have limited medical care for women.
A special study focusing on pregnant women in some Latin American and African countries, India and Pakistan, shows that "[w] omens in Latin America have the highest rates of tobacco use." The chances of living with tobacco users are also high in Latin America but highest in Asia. Certain countries like Argentina and Uruguay have the highest percentage of women who have ever been regular smokers, who smoke during their current pregnancies and who think that women can smoke. As we continue to see Latin America, we can see that one fifth of the world's largest tobacco producers exist in the region, which includes Argentina and Brazil. With the increase in production in these countries, the price of cigarettes becomes significantly lower. In these last two countries, a pack of premium cigarettes like the Marlboro brand can cost between US $ 1 and US $ 1.99. With this price, cigarette accessibility is easier and consumption is encouraged. This has serious implications for the population as a whole. Smoking rates among women alone are also a concern. In Argentina, 22.6% of women smoke, while in other countries such as Uruguay the percentage is 25.1 per cent.
Since the rate of tobacco use among men is predicted to decline, the rate among women is estimated to increase to 20% of the female population by 2025. The main catalyst for the increase in smoking among women is globalization because it allows marketing of tobacco products to medium and low income areas. In their efforts to expand their markets, multinational tobacco companies pay particular attention to women. These ads tend to include words like 'mentol', 'light' and 'light', and search for women through "a compelling marketing campaign, linking smoking with emancipation and glamor." As a result, the rate of tobacco use among women in regions such as Asia, Africa and Latin America is increasing. The lack of strict tobacco control policies in developing countries creates an environment where little or no advertising and taxation restrictions are not in place to support the increase that will occur in smoking among women. What keeps women in developing regions at greater disadvantages is a significant change in tobacco production to their region, where they are primarily involved in harvesting.
With all these influences, termination can be very difficult for women. There has been research around this topic among many developed countries to explore and find the most successful methods, even for women. Many of these studies have suggested that women who try to quit on their own "tend not to quit at first or to stop at follow-up." However, when talking about women in developing countries, they will experience additional obstacles because of their low-income status. While women in developed countries have available cessation programs, not many programs are available for women in developing countries. The latter group of women can significantly benefit from educational programs that teach the ill effects of smoking on their health as well as the health of their children. Although these programs may not be regulated in the most needed areas, some organizations have sought to draw women's attention among women. For example, the World Health Organization (WHO) publishes Tobacco Atlas which helps in showing the scope of problems among women on a worldwide scale. The organization has also negotiated the Framework Convention on Tobacco Control which is an agreement supported by 164 Parties and conducted "in response to the globalization of the tobacco epidemic." This initiative is specific to showing how women are also affected. In short, when looking at smoking among women outside the Western border, the full scope of this problem arises.
See also
- "Torches of Freedom" - a phrase used to encourage women to smoke during the liberation movement of women in the United States
- Ovarian cancer
References
External links
- WHO - Gender, women, and tobacco epidemic
- CDC - Women's Health - A-Z Topics - Smoking and Tobacco
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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