London Bridge Is Falling Down

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" London Bridge Fall Down " (also known as "b My Fair Lady " or " London Bridge ") is a rhyme of traditional English children and a singing game, found in various versions around the world. It deals with the destruction of the London Bridge and the effort, realistic or delusion, to fix it. May date back to the rhyme bridges and games of the late Middle Ages, but the earliest records of poems in English date from the seventeenth century. The lyrics were first printed near its modern form in the mid-eighteenth century and became popular, especially in England and the United States in the nineteenth century.

Modern melodies were first recorded at the end of the nineteenth century and their games resembled medieval arches, but seem to have taken their modern form by the end of the nineteenth century. It has Roud Folk Song Index number 502. Several theories have been advanced to explain the meaning of the poem and the identity of the "beautiful woman" of the chorus. Rhyme is one of the most recognized in the world and has been referenced in numerous literary and popular culture works.

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Lirik

There are many variations in the lyrics of the poem. The first verses most frequently used are:

In the version cited by Iona and Peter Opie in 1951, the first paragraph is:

This poem is constructed from quatrains in trocronic catalectic tetrameters, (each line consists of four legs of two syllables, with the pressure falling on the first syllable in a pair; the last leg in the line that loses the syllable without pressure), which is common in the child's poetry -child. In its most common form it relies on double repetition, rather than the rhyme scheme, which is a device often used in poetry and children's stories. The Roud Folk Song Index, which catalogs folk songs and their variations by number, classifies the song to 502.

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Melody

A melody recorded for "London Bridge" in John Playford's The Dancing Master edition published in 1718, but different from modern songs and no lyrics given. An issue about Blackwood's Magazine in 1821 recorded rhyme as sung for the song "Nancy Dawson", now better known as "Nuts in May" and the same tone was given in Richard Thomson Chronicles of London Bridge (1827).

Another song was recorded in Samuel Arnold's Juvenile Amusements in 1797. E. F. Rimbault's Nursery Rhymes (1836) had the same first line, but then a different tone. The song now associated with the poem was first recorded in 1879 in the US in A.H Rosewig National Songs and Games Illustration .

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Game

This poem is often used in children's singing games, which are in various forms, in addition to poetry. Most versions are similar to those used in the "Oranges and Lemons" rhyme. The most common is that two players hold hands and make arches with their hands while others pass through in one file. The "arch" is then lowered at the end of the song to "capture" a player. In the United States it is common for two teams of those caught to be involved in tug of war. In England until the nineteenth century the song may be accompanied by a circular dance, but the game of arch is known to have been common in late medieval Europe.

Five of the nine versions published by Alice Gomme in 1894 included references to a prisoner who had stolen watches and chains. This may be a late nineteenth-century addition to another game called "Hark the Robbers", or "Watch and Chain". This poem is sung in the same tone and may be a branch of the "London Bridge" or the rest of the different games. In one version, the first two verses have the lyrics:

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Origins

Similar Rima can be found throughout Europe, displaying records in the UK. These include "Knippelsbro GÃÆ'  ¥ r Op og Ned" from Denmark, "Die Magdeburger BrÃÆ'¼ck" from Germany, "pont chus" from 16th century France; and "Le Porte", from the fourteenth century Italy. It is possible that rhyme was obtained from one of these sources and then adapted to fit the most famous bridge in England.

One of the earliest references to rhyme in English is in the comedy The London Chaunticleres, printed in 1657, but probably written around 1636, where Curds dairy woman declared that she "danced London-Bridge buildings" in Whitsun Ales in his youth, although no words or actions were mentioned. Extensive familiarity with rhyme is suggested by its use by Henry Carey in its satire Namby Pamby (1725), as:

The oldest surviving version can be remembered by a correspondent to Gentleman's Magazine in 1823, which he claims has been heard from a woman who was a child during the reign of Charles II (r.1660-85). ) and has the lyrics:

The earliest English version of the print is the oldest in the children's poetry collection, Beautiful Songbook Tommy Thumb , printed by John Newbery in London (circa 1744), starting with the following text:

A version of James Ritson Gammer Gurton's Garland (1784) is similar but replaces the last verse with:

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Meaning

The meaning of the verses is uncertain. That may only relate to the many difficulties experienced in bridging the River Thames, but a number of alternative theories have been put forward.

Viking attack theory

One theory of origin is that the poem is associated with the destruction of the London Bridge by Olaf II of Norway in 1014 (or 1009). The nineteenth-century translations of the Heady Norse saga, Heimskringla, published by Samuel Laing in 1844, included a verse by ÃÆ'â € Å"ttarr svarti, which looks very much like the nursery rhymes:

However, modern translations make it clear that Laing uses the child's poetry as a model for his very free translation, and the reference to the London Bridge does not appear at the beginning of the verse and it seems unlikely that this is an early version of the child's poetry. Some historians have increased the likelihood that the attack never took place. However, the original document detailing the attack was written only about 100 years after what the incident would be famous in the heavily populated area, which led to the majority of historians concluding that the account was at least relatively accurate. Although it may or may not be the origin of rhymes, this will make the victory of King Olaf the only historical record of the London Bridge "falling."

Child sacrifice

Theory refers to a buried song, probably alive, the children on the foundation of the bridge was first put forward by Alice Bertha Gomme (then Lady Gomme) in Traditional Games of England, Scotland and Ireland (1894-1898) and immortalized by the normally skeptical Iona and Peter Opie. This is based on the idea that the bridge will collapse unless the human sacrificial body is buried in its foundation and that the guard is actually a human sacrifice, which will then oversee the bridge. However, there is no archaeological evidence for human remains on the foundations of the London Bridge.

Age theory and breakdown

Until the mid-eighteenth century, the Old London Bridge was the only intersection on the Thames River in London. It was damaged in a major fire in 1633, but in a fire of 1666 this damage acted as a fire break and prevented the fire from further damage to the bridge and crossed to the south side of the River Thames. With 19 narrow arches, it inhibits traffic and river currents. The dock center was moved to create a wider range of navigation. The widening and removal of his house was completed in 1763, but remains relatively narrow and needs continuous and costly repairs. In the early nineteenth century it was decided to replace the bridge with new construction. The New London Bridge opened in 1831 and survived until it was replaced in 1972. It was later transported and reconstructed in Lake Havasu City, Arizona.

"Fair woman" identity

Several attempts have been made to identify 'beautiful women', 'gay women', or lady 'lee/lea' from poetry. They include:

• Matilda of Scotland (c.1080-1118) Henry I's companion, who between 1110 and 1118 was responsible for the construction of a series of bridges carrying the London-Colchester road through the Lea River and its side stream between Bow and Stratford.
• Eleanor of Provence (c 1223-91), the consort of Henry III who has custody of bridge revenues from 1269 to about 1281.
• A member of the Leigh family at Stoneleigh Park, Warwickshire, who has a family story that the human sacrifice is under the building.
• The Lea River, which is a tributary of the River Thames.

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Legacy

Since the late nineteenth century, rhyme has been seen as one of the most popular and famous in the English-speaking world. It has also been referenced in both literature and popular culture.

• It was used by T. S. Eliot at the peak of his poem The Waste Land (1922).
• The last line of this verse is probably the inspiration for the musical titles of Lerner and Loewe My Fair Lady .
• Ornament of unicorn-in-glass music dome purchased by William Foster in the 1993 film Falling Down plays the rhythm of the children's song "London Bridge falling down". (So ​​the title of this movie clearly comes from this old nursery rhyme.)
• This song is often used by supporters of English football as the basis of singing.
• In 1982 samples were taken as "Halloween Montage" by John Carpenter and Alan Howarth feat. Tommy Lee Wallace, for Halloween III: Season of the Witch, which is used as Song of the Silver Shamrock Commercial.

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See also

• Dong, Dong, Dongdaemun, similar Korean nursery rhymes.

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References

Source of the article : Wikipedia