hookah (from Hindustani: ???????? (Devanagari) , ???? ? (Nastaleeq) , IPA: [??? qqa:] ; also see another name), also known as ? Aly? N (Persian: ?????), is a single - or multi-stemmed instrument for vaporizing and smoking scented tobacco (often Mu'assel ), or sometimes marijuana or opium , whose steam or smoke is passed through a water basin - often glass-based - before inhalation.
The health risks of hookah smoking include exposure to toxic chemicals that are not filtered by water and the risk of infectious diseases when the hookah is distributed.
There are two theories about the origin of the hookah. The first was that after the introduction of tobacco to India by the Jesuits, the water pipe was discovered by one of Akbar's physicians, Abu'l-Fath Gilani, in the Indian town of Fatehpur Sikri during the Mughal Empire; hookah spread from India to the Near East, where the mechanism was modified. Or, it could have come from the Safavid dynasty of Persia, from which it eventually spread eastward to the Indian subcontinent during that time.
The word hookah is derived from "huqqa", the Hindi-Urdu term. Outside its home area, hookah smoking has gained popularity worldwide, especially among young people, mostly because of immigrants from the Levant, where it is very popular.
Video Hookah
Name and etymology
In the Indian subcontinent, the word huqqa is used (Devanagari: ???????, Eastern Nagari: ??????, Nastaleeq: ????); This word is the origin of the English word "hookah". The use of the English word "hookah" in English is largely the result of colonization in British India (1858-1947), when a large number of expatriate British first took samples of water pipes. William Hickey, shortly after arriving in Kolkata, India, in 1775, wrote in Memoirs :
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- The most well-dressed hookahs were prepared for me. I tried it, but did not like it. Because after some experiments, I still find it unpleasant, I gravitate with a lot of asking to find out if it's so necessary that I should become a smoker, which is answered with the same gravity, "No doubt, because you might as well be out of the world outside mode, here everyone is using hookahs, and it is impossible to continue without... [I] have often heard people say they would rather enjoy their dinner than their hookah. "
Arguments or Argileh (Arabic: ?????? ?, sometimes pronounced Argilee ) is the most commonly used name in Lebanon, Syria, Palestine, Jordan, Azerbaijan, Uzbekistan and Iraq, while Nargilah (Hebrew: ?? ? ???????? ?) is the most commonly used name in Israel. It comes from n? Rghile (Persian: ?????? ?), Which in turn comes from the Sanskrit n? rikela ( ??????? ), which means coconut, indicating that the earliest hookah was carved from coconut shells. In Persian, this is known as qaly? N ( ????? ?).
In Croatia, Serbia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, the Republic of Macedonia, Greece, Turkey and Bulgaria, na [r] gile (?? [?] ????) are used to refer to pipes, while ? i? a (????) refers to the smoking tobacco in it. The pipes there often have one or two mouths. Scented tobacco, which is made by cutting tobacco pieces in many aromatic molasses, is placed over water and covered by pierced foil with hot coals placed over it, and the smoke is taken through cold water to cool and filter. In Albania, hookahs are called "lula" or "lulava". In Romania, it's called narghilea .
"Narguile" is a common word in Spanish that is used to refer to pipes, although "cachimba" is also used, along with "shisha" by Moroccan immigrants in Spain.
Shisha or sheesha ( ???? ), from the Persian word sh? she ( ???? ? ), which means glass, is a general term for hookahs in Egypt, Sudan, and countries in the Arabian Peninsula (including Kuwait, Bahrain, Qatar, Oman, UAE, Yemen and Saudi Arabia), and in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia and Somalia. In Yemen, the term mada'a ( ????? ) is also used, but for pipes that use pure tobacco.
In Persia, the hookah is called "Qaly? N" ( ????? ? ). Qalyan Persia was included in the earliest European compendium on tobacco, tobacolgia written by Johan Neander and published in Dutch in 1622. It seems that over time the water pipe derives Persian connotations as in Egypt the eighteenth century most pipe fashionable is called Karim Khan after the Persian rulers of that day. This is also the name used in Ukrainian, Russian, and Belarusian.
In Uzbekistan and Afghanistan, hookah is called chillim .
In Kashmir, the hookah is called "Jajeer".
In the Maldives, the hookah is called "Guduguda".
In the Philippines, hookahs are called "Hitboos" and are commonly used in smoking-smelling marijuana.
The hookah pipe is also known as the "Marra pipe" in the UK, especially in the Northeast, where it is used for recreational purposes.
In Sindhi, another language in South Asia, this is called Huqqo ( ???? ?/ ???????? ).
Maps Hookah
History
In the Indian city of Fatehpur Sikri, Roman Catholic missionaries from the Society of Jesus arrived from the southern part of the country, introducing tobacco to the Great Mughal emperor Akbar (1542-1605 AD). Louis Rousselet writes that Akbar's physician, Judge Aboul Futteh Ghilani, later found a hookah in India. However, a quatrain from Ahl? Syirazi (w.1535), a Persian poet, refers to the use of "aly? N (Falsaf ?, II, p.Ã, 277; Sems? R, 1963, p.Ã, 15), so the dating of its use was at least as early as the time of the Shah ? ahm? sp I. It seems, therefore, Abu'l-Fath Gilani should be credited with the introduction of "aly? n, already used in Persia, to India. However, there was no evidence of water pipes until the 1560s. In addition, tobacco is believed to have arrived in India in the 17th century, until then marijuana smoked in India, indicating that other substances may be smoked in the Ahl? Quatrain Shirazi, perhaps through several other methods.
After the introduction of tobacco Europe to Persia and India, Judge Abu'l-Fath Gilani, who came from Gilan, a province in northern Persia, migrated to Hamarastan. He later became a doctor in the Mughal court and raised health issues after tobacco smoking became popular among Indian nobles. He then envisions a system that allows smoke to be passed through water to be 'purified'. Gilani introduces ? Aly? N after Asad Beg, ambassador of Bijapur, prompted Akbar I to smoke. Following popularity among the nobility, this new device for smoking soon became a status symbol for the nobles and nobles of India.
Modern developments
Instead of copper, brass, and low quality alloys, manufacturers are increasingly using stainless steel and aluminum. Silicone rubber compounds are used for non-hookah hoses and wires. New materials make modern hookahs more durable, eliminate odor during smoking and allow washing without risk of corrosion or bacterial decay. New technology and modern design trends change the appearance of hookahs.
Despite the obvious benefits of modern hookahs, due to the high production costs and the lack of modern equipment in traditional hookah manufacturing areas, most hookahs are still produced with older technology.
Culture
Indian subcontinent
India
The hookah concept is thought to have originated in India, after the province of the rich, it was very popular especially during the Mughal reign. Hookah has since become less popular; However, once again garnered the attention of the masses, and the cafà © s and restaurants that offer it as consumer goods are very popular. The use of hookah from ancient times in India is not just a habit, but a matter of prestige. The rich and landing class will smoke hookahs.
Tobacco smoked in hookahs in many villages according to traditional customs. Smoking tobacco-molasses has now become popular among youth in India. There are several chain clubs, bars and coffee shops in India that offer more variety of mu'assels, including non-tobacco versions. Hookah was recently banned in Bangalore. However, it can be bought or rented for personal or organized use.
Koyilandy, a small fishing town on the west coast of India, has ever made and exported hookah extensively. This is known as Malabar Hookhas or Koyilandy Hookahs. Today an elaborate hookah is hard to find outside of Koyilandy and becomes difficult even to be found in Koyilandy itself.
When the hookahs made a revival in India, there were many recent attacks and restrictions on hookah smoking, especially in Gujarat.
Pakistan
Although it has been traditionally prevalent in rural areas for generations, smoking hookah has become very popular in the cosmopolitan cities of Pakistan. One can see many cafes in Pakistan offering hookah smoking to their guests. In fact many households have hookahs for smoking or decoration purposes.
In Punjab, Pakhtunkhwa, and in northern Balochistan, the topmost part where coal is placed is called chillum .
In major cities like Karachi and Lahore, cafes and restaurants offer Hookah and are charged hourly. In 2013, it was banned by Pakistan's higher court. Cafe owners started offering shisha to minors, which is the main reason for the ban.
Bangladesh
Hookah has become a traditional smoking tool in Bangladesh, especially among the old zamindar Bengalis. However, shisha flavors were introduced in the early 2000s. Hookah lounges spread quite rapidly between 2008-2011 and became popular among young people as well as middle-aged people as a method of relaxation. There are allegations that the government cracked down on hookah bars to prevent the use of illegal drugs.
Nepal
Hookah (????????), especially made of wood, is very popular in Nepal. The use of hookah is usually regarded as a symbol of elite family status in Nepal's history. Currently, the cities of Kathmandu, Pokhara, and Dharan are specially sports 'bar hookah'. Although hookahs have begun to become popular among young people and tourists, the overall number of 'hookah-smokers' tends to diminish due to the widespread availability of cheaper cigarettes.
Middle East
In the Arab world and the Middle East, people smoke water as part of their culture and traditions. The local names of the water pipes in the Middle East are, argila ,? Elam/? El? M,? Aly? N or ghalyan ,? Oqqa, breath, nargile, and shisha.
Social smoking is done by single or double hookah hookah, and sometimes hookah triple or quadruple hose is used in small parties or get-togethers. When the smoker is done, s/he puts the hose back on the table, indicating that it is already available, or handing it from one user to the next, folded back to itself so that the funnel does not point to the recipient.
Most cafà © s in the Middle East offer shishas. Cafà ©  © s is spacious and is among the main arisan places in the Arab world (similar to public houses in the UK).
Persian
The exact date of first use "aly? N in Persia is unknown, but the earliest known literary evidence of hookah, anywhere, comes in quatrain by Ahl? Shirazi (w.1535), a Persian poet, refers to the use of" aly ? N (Falsaf ?, II, p.Ã, 277; Sems? R, 1963, p.Ã, 15), so the dating of its use is at least as early as the Shah's time? ahm? sp I. This shows, hookahs have been used in ancient Persia, and it made its way to India shortly thereafter. [27]
Although Safavid Shah? Abb? I strongly condemn the use of tobacco, towards the end of his reign smoking? Aly? N and? Opoq (q.v.) has become common at every level of society, including women. In schools, both teachers and students have temporary learning experiences (Falsaf ?, II, pp.Ã, 278-80). Shah Safi of Persia (r. 1629-42) declared a comprehensive ban on tobacco, but the income received from his use persuaded him to immediately lift the ban. Use of "aly?" It became so vast that a group of poor people became professional escorts of crystalline water pipe. During the time of Abbas II of Persia (r.1642-1666), the use of water pipes has become a national addiction (Chardin, tr., II, p 899). Shah (king) has his own personal servants. Proven position of water pipe tender (? Aly? Nd? R) comes from this period. Also at this time, the reservoir is made of glass, pottery, or a kind of pumpkin. Due to the unsatisfactory quality of the original glass, the glass reservoir is sometimes imported from Venice (Chardin, tr., II, p 892). In the time of Suleiman I of Persia (m.1694-1722), "alah" became more complicated when its use increased. Rich gold and silver pipes. The masses spend more money than they do for the necessities of life (Tavernier apud Sems? R, 1963, p. 16).
A messenger from Sultan Hossein (r.1722-32) to the court of Louis XV of France, on his way to the royal hearing at Versailles, had in his retinue an officer holding his possessions, which he used when his cart was in motion (Herbette, tr.p.Ã, 7; Kasraw ?, pp.Ã, 211-12; Sems? R, 1963, pp.Ã, 18-19). We have no records showing usage? Aly? N in the Nader Shah court, although its use seems to continue uninterrupted. There is a portrait of Karim Khan from the Zand dynasty of Iran and Fat? H-Ali Shah Qajar who describes them smoking? Aly? N. Iran has a special tobacco called Khansar (??????, probably the name of the hometown, Khvansar). The charcoal will be laid on top of the tinless Khansar.
Saudi Arabia
Saudi Arabia is in the process of imposing a ban on public smoking. This includes shishas. In addition, the city of Riyadh has banned shisha cafes within the city limits.
Syria
Although considered an important cultural feature of Syria (see Smoking in Syria), narghile has declined in popularity during most of the twentieth century and is used mostly by older men. Similar to other Middle Eastern countries, its use increased dramatically during the 1990s, particularly among youth and young adults. In 2004, before the Syrian Civil War, 17% from 18 to 29 years, 10% age 30-45 years, and 6% from age 46 to 65 reported using narghile, and higher use in men than women. Latest data not available.
Turkish
Nargile became part of Turkish culture since the 17th century. At that time, it became prominent in society and used as a status symbol. Nargile is an important Turkish custom that even triggered a diplomatic crisis between France and the Ottoman Empire. Western turkey is famous for its traditional pottery production where pottery makes objects from clay, including a nargile bowl.
Southeast Asia
In Southeast Asia, the hookah, where it is mainly called shisha, is mainly used in Arab and Indian communities.
Hookah was virtually unknown in Southeast Asia before the end of the 20th century, but popularity among young people is now growing. The most cosmopolitan cities of Southeast Asia, Makati, Bangkok, Singapore, Phnom Penh, Siem Reap, Hanoi and Ho Chi Minh City, now have bars and clubs offering hookahs to customers.
Although the use of hookah has been common for hundreds of years and enjoyed by people of all ages, it has recently begun to become a hobby of young people in Asia. Hookahs are most popular among college students, and young adults, who may be underage and thus can not buy cigarettes.
South Africa
In South Africa, hookah, colloquially known as hubbly bubbly or okka pipe, is popular among Cape Malay and Indians, where it is smoked as a social hobby. However, hookahs see the growing popularity of South Africans, especially the youth. The bar that also provides hookah becomes more prominent, although smoking is usually done at home or in public spaces such as beaches and picnic spots.
In South Africa, the terminology of various hookah components is also different from other countries. The clay "head/bowl" is known as "clay pot". These hoses are called "pipes" and air release valves are known as "couplings".
The windshield (which is considered optional and not used by most people) is known as "As-suit", which is directly translated from African to English as "raincoat". Also, making/preparing "clay pots" is usually referred to as "squeezing hubbly".
Some scientists point to the cannabis pipe as the origin of the African hookah.
United States and Canada
During the 1960s and 1970s, hookahs were a popular tool for the consumption of various tobacco derivatives, among other things. At parties or small gatherings, hookah hoses are passed around with users taking part when they feel right. Usually, though, open flame is used instead of embers.
Today, hookahs are available for sale in smoke stores and gas stations throughout the United States, along with various tobacco brands and accessories. In addition to private hookah smoking, hookah lounge or bar has been opened in cities throughout the country.
Recently, certain cities, counties, and states have imposed an indoor smoking ban. In some jurisdictions, the hookah business may be exempt from the policy through a special permit. Some permits, however, have such requirements that businesses get a certain minimum percentage of their income from alcohol or tobacco.
In cities with indoor smoking bans, hookah bars have been forced to close or switch to a tobacco-free mix. But in many cities, hookah lounges are gaining in popularity. From 2000 to 2004, more than 200 new hookah cafes were opened for business, mostly targeted for young adults and located near campuses or cities with large Middle Eastern communities. This activity continues to gain popularity in the demographics of post-secondary students. The use of hookah among high school students rose from 4.1% to 9.4% from 2011 to 2014 while smoking smoking declined from 15.8% to 9.2% over the same time period, according to the US CDC. According to a 2011 study, 40.3 percent of students and college students surveyed had smoked tobacco from hookahs. Until July 8, 2013, at least 1,178 campuses or campuses in the US have adopted 100% non-smoking campus policies that seek to eliminate smoking in indoor and outdoor areas throughout campus, including residence.
Structure and operation
Components
Excluding grommets, hookahs consist of a number of components, four of which are critical to their operation.
Bowl
Also known as the hookah head, the bowl is a container, usually made of clay, marble, or glass that holds coal and tobacco during smoking sessions. The bowl is filled with tobacco then covered by a screen or hollow aluminum foil. Lit coals are placed at the top, allowing the tobacco to heat to the right temperature.
There is also a variety of heads that use fruit rather than traditional clay bowls. The fruit is perforated and perforated to reach the same shape and system as the clay bowl, then burdened and used in the same way.
Bowls have evolved in recent years to include new designs that keep juice in tobacco from flowing into the stem. The Tangiers Phunnel Bowl and the Sahara Smoke Vortex Bowl are two examples of such bowls.
Windshield
Closet cover Hookah Cover is a cover that is above the bowl area, with some form of air holes. This prevents the wind from increasing the rate of fuel and coal temperature, and preventing ash and burning coals from being blown into the surrounding environment. It may also offer some limited protection from fire as it can prevent coal being removed when the hookah is knocked.
Hose
Hoses (one or more) are sleek bending tubes that allow smoke to be drawn for a certain distance, cooling before inhalation. Edges are usually equipped with metal, wood, or plastic mouthpieces of various shapes, sizes, colors or types of materials. Today, the right hose is usually made of vinyl which allows it to be cleaned easily. According to J. S. Gamble in the Manual of Indian Timbers in 1902 (p.Ã, 668), the bark of the white birch tree of Himalaya Betula utilis ssp. jacquemontii is used to create an initial hookah tube.
Cleanup valve
Many hookahs are equipped with a cleaning valve that is connected to the air chamber in a water jar to clear out stale smoke that has long been used in the jar. This one-way valve is usually a simple ball bearing that is placed over a port that closes the port with gravity only and will open when positive pressure is created by blowing into the hose. Bearing is held with screw cover. The cover should be opened and pads and chairs are cleaned of residue and corrosion regularly to ensure proper sealing.
Water base
The hookah body sits on the bottom of the water, or is sometimes referred to as a vase. Downstem hanging under the water in the jar. Smoke passes through the body and out of the downstem where bubbles bubble through the water. It cools and moisturizes the smoke. Fluids such as fruit juice can be added to water or used in substitutions. Pieces of fruit, mint leaves, and crushed ice can be added.
Plates
A plate or ashtray sits just below the bowl to catch the ashes falling from the embers.
Grommet
The grommets in the hookah are usually placed between the bowl and the body, between the body gasket and the water bottle, and between the body and the tube. The grommets, though not essential (the use of paper or tape has become common), will help to seal joints between the parts, thereby reducing the amount of air entering and maximizing the smoke inhaled.
Diffuser
A piece attached to the bottom of the rod, usually made of plastic and in a grid pattern, to make smoother fumes and weaker noises. By breaking the big bubbles that come from the pipe into smaller bubbles, it lowers the amount of suction or "pull" required to continue carrying the smoke into the room. It also cools the smoke more efficiently. It is used as a luxury item that is used for a better smoking experience and is not a required component.
Consumables
Mu'assel
Tobacco or Mu'assel (Arabic: ????, meaning "honey"), also sometimes called Shisha in places where it does not refer to Hookah itself, is a mixture of tobacco syrup with molasses and vegetable glycerol as a moisturizer and flavor specific added to it. Typical mu'assel flavors include apples, grapes, guava, lemon, mint, and many other fruit-based mixtures. Non-tobacco muzzles are also available in certain areas where tobacco is prohibited.
Charcoal
Charcoal is the source of energy to generate heat to be transferred to tobacco in a bowl. Since glycerol is used to moisturize tobacco, then produce smoke, the charcoal must be able to generate heat above the boiling point of glycerol ie 290 ° C. Therefore, charcoal for hookah smoking should be hard, high density, flammable, and burn longer with heat which is continuous.
Operation
The bottle at the bottom of the hookah is filled with enough water to drown a few centimeters of the body tube, which is sealed firmly into it. Deeper water will only increase the inhalation force needed to use it. Molasses of tobacco or free tobacco are placed in a bowl at the top of the hookah. Often the bowl is covered with perforated tin foil or metal and coal screens placed on top of it. Foil or screen separates coal and tobacco, which reduces inhalation of coal ash from smoke and reduces exposed tobacco temperatures, to prevent tobacco burning directly.
When a person breathes through a hose, the air is drawn through the charcoal and into the bowl holding the tobacco. Hot air, heated by charcoal evaporates tobacco without burning it. Steam is lowered through a tube that extends into the water in a tube. It bubbled over the water, lost heat, and filled the top of the bottle, which was hooked up. When a smoker smokes a hose, the smoke enters the lungs, and changes in pressure in the tube draw more air through the charcoal, continuing the process.
If the hookah has been ignited and smoked but has not been inhaled for a long time, the smoke inside the water can be considered "stale" and undesirable. Stale smoke may be exhausted through the cleaning valve, if any. This one-way valve is opened by a positive pressure formed from a slow gust to the hose. This will not work on a multi-hose hookah unless all the other hoses are plugged in. Sometimes a one-way valve is inserted into the hose socket to avoid the need to manually install the hose.
Health effects
Exposure to pathogens causing infectious diseases
When people share a hookah, there is a risk of spreading infectious diseases such as oral herpes, tuberculosis, hepatitis, influenza, and H. pylori . Using a single-use personal funnel can reduce this risk but not eliminate it.
Exposure to toxic chemicals
Hookah smoke contains some toxic chemicals. Water does not filter much of this chemical. Hookah smoke contains toxic chemicals derived from burning of charcoal, tobacco, and flavorings. Hookah smokers inhale many chemicals that can cause cancer, heart disease, lung disease, and other health problems. These chemicals include specific tobacco nitrosamines, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs, eg benzo [a] pyrene and anthracene), volatile aldehydes (eg formaldehyde, acetaldehyde, acrolein), benzene, nitric oxide, heavy metals (arsenic, chromium, lead) and carbon monoxide (CO). Smoking hookah increases the amount of carbon monoxide (CO) in a person's body by up to eight times its normal level. Compared with smoking one cigarette, a hookah session exposes the user to more carbon monoxide and PAH, the same nicotine level, and lower nitrosamine levels. Because of the inhalation of these chemicals, hookah smokers have a greater risk of many health problems similar to those of smokers.
Short-term health effects
Carbon monoxide (CO) in hookah smoke binds hemoglobin in the blood to form carboxyhemoglobin, which reduces the amount of oxygen that can be transported to organs including the brain. There are several case reports in the medical literature of hookah smokers who require hospital emergency room care for CO poisoning symptoms including headache, nausea, lethargy, and fainting. This is sometimes called "hookah disease." Smoking hookah can damage the cardiovascular system in several ways. Its use increases heart rate and blood pressure. It also damages the control of baroreflex (which helps control blood pressure) and cardiac autonomic function (which has many goals, including heart rate control) The use of hookah also acutely damages the function of blood vessels, increases inflammation, and impairs lung function and reduces the ability to exercise..
Long-term health effects
Current evidence suggests hookahs can cause many health problems. Smoking hookah seems to increase the risk of some cancers (lung, esophagus, and stomach), lung disease (pulmonary function disorder, chronic bronchitis, and emphysema), coronary artery disease, periodontal disease, gynecological and perinatal problems (low birth weight and lung- lung). problems at birth), larynx and sound changes, and osteoporosis. Much of the research to date has methodological limitations, such as not measuring the use of hookah in a standardized way. Larger, high-quality research is needed to learn more about the long-term health effects of hookah use and hookah smoke exposure.
Effect of direct exposure to hookah smoke
Secondhand smoke from hookahs contains large amounts of carbon monoxide, aldehydes, PAHs, ultrafine particles, and particles inhaled (particles small enough to enter the lungs). Research has found that concentrations of particulate matter in the air of hookah stems are in an unhealthy to harmful range according to Environmental Protection Agency standards. The air in the hookah bar also contains a large number of toxic chemicals including: aromatic hydrocarbons, carbon monoxide, nicotine, and metal traces. The air concentration of all these toxic substances is greater than the cigarette (for the same number of smokers per hour). During a typical hour-long hookah session, a user ejects 2-10 times the amount of cancer-causing chemicals and other hazardous chemicals compared to a smoker. No studies have examined the long-term health effects of exposure to secondhand smoke, but short-term effects may include respiratory symptoms such as wheezing, nasal congestion, and chronic cough. Hookah bar employees, often exposed to toxic air for long periods, may be at risk of health problems from other people's tobacco smoke.
Addiction and reliance on hookah
Hookah smokers inhale nicotine, which is an addictive chemical. A typical smoking hookah session provides 1.7 times the nicotine dose of one cigarette and the level of nicotine absorption in daily drinking water users is equivalent to smoking 10 cigarettes per day. Many hookah smokers, especially frequent users, have a drive to smoke and show other withdrawal symptoms after not smoking for some time, and it can be difficult to stop. The signs and symptoms of addiction and addiction are very similar to the signs of cigarette addiction. People who become hookah addicted may be more likely to smoke alone. Hookah smokers who are addicted may find it easier to quit if they have help from a smoking cessation counseling program.
See also
- Bong
- Electronic hookah
- One-hitter (smoking)
- Thuoc lao
- Percolator water pipe
References
External links
- WHO report on water pipes (hookah), by the WHO Study Group on Tobacco Products Rules (TobReg).
- Criticism of the WHO Report on water pipes (hookah) by Chaouachi Kamal. Criticism of TobReg WHO "Tobacco Smoking Smoking: Health Effects, Research Needs, and Recommended Action by the Regulator". Negative Result Journal in Biomedicine 2006 (17 Nov); 5:17
- Scientific Evidence on Smoking Risk of Hookah Health (University of Maryland, College Park: June 9, 2008, vol 17, issue 23)
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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