Bahia is the premier cruiser ship class two built for Brazil by British company Armstrong Whitworth. In November 1910, just six months after its commissioning, the crew aboard the Bahia, Marechal Deodoro Minas Geraes , and SÃÆ' £ o Paulo revolt, start Revolta da Chibata (Lash Rebellion). During the four-day uprising, Brazil's capital city in Rio de Janeiro was held hostage by a possible sea bombing, which caused the government to surrender to rebel demands, including the abolition of whips in the navy. During the First World War, Bahia and his sister ship Rio Grande do Sul was assigned to the DivisÃÆ' £ o Naval em OperaÃÆ'§ÃÆ'Âμes de Guerra (Naval Division in Operation War), the main contribution of the Brazilian Navy in the conflict. Based in Sierra Leone and Dakar, squadrons escort the convoy through areas believed to be tightly guarded by U Boats.
In the mid-1920s, Bahia was modernized extensively. He received three new Brown-Curtis turbine engines and six new Thornycroft boilers, and, in the process, converted from burning coal to oil. Reparations produce a striking aesthetic change, with the muffler split into three mouthpieces instead of two. Armament is also modified; three 20 mm (0.79 in) Madsen rifles, a 7 mm (0.28 inch) Hotchkiss machine gun, and four 533 mm (21.0 inch) torpedo tubes were added. In the 1930s, he served with government troops during several revolutions.
In the Second World War, Bahia was once again used as a convoy escort, sailing over 100,000 nautical miles (190,000 km; 120,000 mi) in a span of about a year. On July 4, 1945 he acted as a plane keeper for aircraft flying from the Atlantic to the Pacific, the war theater. When the shooters of Bahia ' fired kites for the anti-aircraft exercise, one aimed too low and depressed the depth costs stored near the stern of the ship, resulting in a crippling explosion and drown it in a few minutes. Only a small part of the crew survived the explosion, and even fewer were still alive when their raft was discovered a few days later.
Video Brazilian cruiser Bahia
Konstruksi dan commissioning
Bahia is part of a major naval development program of 1904 by Brazil. Also planned as part of this are two Minas Geraes -class dreadnoughts, ten Pará¡ - class thieves, three submarines and submarine tenders. With the highly borrowed design of the Adventure class-class, Bahia ' cells laid on August 19, 1907 at Elswick Armstrong Whitworth, Newcastle on Tyne yard. Construction took about one and a half years, and he was launched on January 20, 1909 with Madame Altino Correia sponsorship on behalf of Mrs Dr Araugo Pinho. The installation process pushed the settlement date until March 2, 1910, after which he sailed to Brazil, arriving in Recife on May 6th. The new cruise ship - the third vessel of the Brazilian Navy to honor the state of Bahia - was assigned to the navy shortly thereafter on May 21, 1910. As a class, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul was the world's fastest cruiser when they were commissioned, and the first in the Brazilian Navy to utilize a steam turbine for propulsion.
Maps Brazilian cruiser Bahia
Mutiny
The Brazilian economy suffers from a severe recession at the same time Bahia is assigned. The severe economic and disciplinary difficulties enforced on all naval vessels, gave birth to a revolt known as Revolta da Chibata (Revolt of Whip) among the sailors on the strongest ship.
Unhappy with the harsh treatment they received, the black sailors on the timid warship Minas Geraes began planning for an uprising in early 1910, choosing JoÃÆ'Â £ o CÃÆ' Â ¢ nido Felisberto - an experienced sailor who came to be known as "Black Admiral" - as their leader. In mid-November, a sailor was sentenced to a whip in front of his sailor, though the practice was forbidden by law. The punishment was given and continued even after the sailors fainted, angering the newly born rebels. Although they were unprepared and unable to rebel immediately, they accelerated their preparations and rebelled on November 21, earlier than originally planned. They killed several officers and captains of Minas Geraes while others were forced out of the ship. The uprising quickly spread to warship SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo, an old coastal defense ship Marechal Deodoro, and Bahia. Upon joining the rebellion, the scout crew members killed one of their officers. During this time, the discipline on the rebel ship was not relaxed; daily practice was done and Felisberto ordered all liquor to be thrown overboard.
The torpedo crew members remained loyal to the government, and troops moved to the presidential palace and the coastline, but both groups could not stop the rebels. The fact that many people are guarding the Rio de Janeiro port's defense is sympathetic to the rebel struggle, coupled with the possibility that the capital may be bombarded by rebel ships, forcing the Brazilian National Congress to surrender to the demands of the rebels. This includes the removal of whips, improved living conditions, and granting amnesty to all insurgents. The government also issued an official pardon and remorse statement; his submission resulted in an uprising ending on November 26, when control of four ships was handed back to the navy.
First World War
In the opening years of the First World War, the Brazilian Navy was deployed to patrol the South Atlantic with French, British and American naval units, although its ships should not engage in threats outside its territorial waters because Brazil did not fight the Central Block. The country is also trying to ensure that the country is completely neutral; Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul were sent to Santos in August 1914 to enforce the law of neutrality when it was reported that the German invaders Bremen lay in wait for the port to ship trade UK and America. Brazil joined the Entente and declared war on the Central Block on October 26, 1917.
On December 21, 1917, the Brazilian Navy - on British orders - formed a small naval force with the aim of sending it to the other side of the Atlantic. On January 30, 1918, Bahia was featured on the newly organized DivisÃÆ'  £ o Naval em OperaÃÆ'§ÃÆ'Âμes de Guerra (Naval Division in Operation War, abbreviated DNOG), under the command of Rear Admiral Pedro Max Fernando Frontin. Other ships assigned to the squadron are Rio Bahia do Sul Bahia , Pará¡ - extinguishers class PiauÃÆ' , ParaÃÆ'ba , Rio Grande do Norte and Santa Catarina , gently Belmonte , and tugboat Laurindo Pita .
DNOG set sail for British colonies in Sierra Leone on 31 July. Because other allied countries are helping with logistics, few are provided by Brazil other than the ships themselves and the people who deploy them. Despite the threat of U-boat attacks, they were forced to stop several times so that Belmonte could transfer needs such as coal and water to other vessels. They arrive in Freetown safely on August 9 and remain at the port until August 23 when they leave for Dakar. While in this part of the voyage, Bahia , Rio Grande do Sul , Rio Grande do Norte , Belmonte and Laurindo Pita found a clear torpedo head for Belmonte , but it was missed. Rio Grande do Norte then fired several shots and accused deeply what forces are believed to be U Boats. While the official history of the Brazilian ship definitively claims to have submerged the submarine, writer Robert Scheina noted that this action was never confirmed, and the published works about the U-ship losses in the war were not approved.
Upon arriving in Dakar on August 26, DNOG was tasked with patrolling triangles with corners in Dakar, Cape Verde and Gibraltar; The Allies believe that the area is full of boats waiting for the convoy to pass. Thus, the mission of the Brazilian unit is to patrol the mines laid by German minelaying submarines and ensure that the passing convoys will be safe. Complications arise when both Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul have problems with their condensers, a problem exacerbated by the hot tropical climate in which the vessels serve.
In early September, the squadron was hit by a Spanish flu pandemic. The contagion began on the ship Bahia , spreading to other ships of the squadron and remained present for seven weeks. At one point, 95% of some of the crew were infected; 103 died overseas, and 250 died in Brazil after returning there. On 3 November, Bahia, three of four destroyers, and tugs were sent to Gibraltar for operations in the Mediterranean Sea. They arrived on 9 or 10 November, escorted by the American destroyer of Israel, but the fighting stopped on the 11th when the Armistice with Germany was signed. One time in early 1919, Bahia , accompanied by four destroyers, sailed to Portsmouth, England; they then traveled across the English Channel to Cherbourg, arriving there on 15 February. The squadron commander, Rear Admiral Pedro Max Fernando Frontin, met with the Maritime Prefect before the commencement of a "social event"; this went on until February 23, when ships moved to Toulon and Frontin traveled overland to Paris. DNOG was dissolved on August 25, 1919.
Modernization and interwar years
In 1925-26, Bahia experienced significant modernization. The original five turbines were replaced by three Brown-Curtis turbines, while ten original boilers were replaced by six Thornycroft oil boilers, which required the addition of a third funnel. The former coal bunker, along with some space liberated by the decline of the boiler, was converted to store 588,120 liters (155,360 US gal) of oil. This modification resulted in Bahia ' s top speed increased to 28 knots (52 km/h). All boats on board were replaced, and three 20 mm (0.79 in) Madsen rifles, Hotchkiss 7mm (0.28 inch) machine guns, and four 533 mm torpedo tubes (21.0 in) were added to provide defense vessels against aircraft and more power against surface ships, respectively. However, in 1930 The New York Times was labeled Bahia and other warships in the Brazilian navy as "obsolete" and noted that almost all "older than the age that was considered effective by the power of signatories of the Washington Agreement and the London Naval. "
On June 28, 1926, the Ludington Daily News reported that Bahia will travel to Philadelphia, receiving an invitation from the United States government to participate in a sesquenentennial celebration. In the mid-1930s, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul - under the command of HerÃÆ'¡clito Belford Gomes - escorted Brazilian President JÃÆ'ºlio Prestes to the United States. Traveling aboard the Brazilian-Lloyd Almirante Jacequay ship, Prestes returned Herbert Hoover's visit to America in December 1928 to the United States. The USS Trenton and Marblehead cruisers meet three ships about 100 miles (160 km) off from Sandy Hook and honored Prestes with a 21-gun homage. After spending five hours on Ambrose Channel due to fog, Prestes traveled at launch to the dock, where the Bahia honored the 21-gun and Fort Jay offered two. Upon arriving on land, he travels to City Hall before heading to Washington, D.C. He stayed in the United States for eight days before leaving for France at the White Star Line's Olympic. Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul were tethered to the Brooklyn Navy Yard for the visit.
During the Brazilian Revolution of 1930, Bahia was presented with Rio Grande do Sul until the ship defected - and five or six destroyers off the coast of Santa Catarina; they were once again ordered by Belford Gomes. Two years later, when the state of SÃ £ o Paulo rebelled in the Constitutional Revolution, Bahia - under the command of Captain Frigate Lucas Alexandre Boiteux - and other ships blockaded the rebel-held Santos port. Bahia is being repaired from 1934 to 1935. In November 1935, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul sailed to Natal, the capital of the Rio Grande do Norte , to provide support for another insurrection. As part of their mission, they were ordered to drown the Santos steamer in view, as some of the leaders who fled the revolution were on board.
From May 17-22, 1935, Bahia and Rio Grande do Sul joined at a point unknown to the Argentine warship Rivadavia and Moreno, heavy cruiser Almirante Brown and Veinticinco de Mayo, and five destroyers - escorted by SÃÆ'Â £ Paulo, Brazil President GetÃÆ'ºlio Vargas get started, climb RÃÆ'o de la Plata (River Plate) to Buenos Aires , the capital of Argentina. Vargas returned to visit the presidents of Argentina and Uruguay, AgustÃÆ'n Pedro Justo and Gabriel Terra. Vargas and Justo plan to attend the opening session of the Pan-American Commercial Conference on May 26, and open the Chaco War peace conference before Vargas to Montevideo, Uruguay for a meeting with Terra.
On March 2, 1936, Bahia escorted Veinticinco de Mayo , which the Argentine Navy Minister Admiral Eleazar Videla started, and
Second World War
After Brazil entered the Second World War on August 21, 1942, which came into effect on 31 August, Bahia was used extensively in the Atlantic campaign to guard and patrol; source of conflicts for actual numbers - both 67 and 15 or 62 and 11. In total, he traveled 101,971 nmi (188,850 km; 117,346 mi) in 358 days, and played a role in shepherding over 700 merchant ships, although he and < i> Rio Grande do Sull is labeled by the United States Naval Institute magazine Proceedings as a "relatively slow" destroyer ".
Bahia was modernized again twice during the war, both in 1942 and 1944; This modernization is not as large as the 1920s. Two of his 47 mm (1.9 in) rifles were replaced with AA 76/mm (3.0 Â °) weapons, his Madsen weapons replaced with seven 20 mm Oerlikon guns on a single mount, and a director for these guns were installed. Two depth charge tracks are added, enhanced range-finders added to 120 mm (4.7 inch) rifles, and sonar and radar mounted, in addition to other minor modifications. The official history of the Brazilian Navy on ships reports this modification, but does not specify which one was done that year.
On 3 June 1943, when Bahia escorted the 12th BT convoy, he found an underwater mine and destroyed it with one of the 20 mm (0.79 in) Madsen rifles. On July 10, while on 26 Â ° 15? S 43 Â ° 35? W received the sonar contact and indicted deeply what was reported by the Brazilian Navy's official report on the report that the ship might be a German submarine U-199 , which sank that month in the same area (off Rio de Janeiro) by American and Brazilian aircraft. In November 1944, Bahia joined the light cruisers of America Omaha and Gustafson's escort destroyer in the Scort of the General MC Meigs troops, carrying the transportantion of four BEF troops headed to Italy.
Loss
At the end of hostilities at the European theater in May 1945 the Allied warships of the Allied countries, including Brazil, were assigned to patrol the Atlantic as a rescue boat, standing near a route frequented by military transport aircraft carrying personnel from Europe to a sustainable war. in the Pacific. Bahia is one such ship; on July 4, 1945, it was stationed in northeastern Brazil around 0Ã, Â ° N 30 Â ° W , near Saint Peter and Saint Paul Archipelago. For the practice of anti-aircraft targets, the crew fired a 20 mm gun on a kite that was pulled back to the ship. One of them shot down, but also accidentally hit a depth indictment at the stern - a direct consequence of the lack of guide rails that normally forbid the weapon to be directed to the ship. The resulting explosion paralyzed all the power on the ship and drowned it in about three minutes.
Survivors of the explosion experience four or five days without food, high temperatures and exposure to the sun in their emergency rafts. The New York Times reports that some people are crazy about this condition and just jump into the water, where they are devoured by sharks. From this point, sources vary widely. According to an article in Time , Bahia was not found until July 8, when 22 survivors were picked up by the freighter, Balfe . However, naval historian Robert Scheina said that the disaster was revealed when Rio Grande do Sul arrived at the station four days after drowning to retrieve Bahia span> place and can not find it.
Sources also disagree on the number of dead and last saved. The official history of the ship gives 36 saved and 336 dead, and Navios de Guerra Brasileiros provides 36 and 339. Contemporary news articles also publish different figures; in an article published a day after the accident was discovered, The Evening Independent stated that the ship was carrying 383 people, although it did not provide any further information. The New York Times assigns 28 saved and 347 missing, while St. The Petersburg Times gave 32 and 395. However, sources agree, that four American voice technicians were killed.
The rescued crew members believed they had crashed into a mine that blew up one of the ship's magazines. Vice Admiral Jorge Dodsworth Martins - Brazil's naval intelligence chief - thinks that Bahia can be mined or torpedoed by U-530, who surrendered in strange circumstances in Mar del Plata, Argentina, on July 10 (about two months after Germany surrendered), but the Argentine Navy Ministry declared that it was impossible for the submarine to travel from sinking into Mar del Plata in six days (July 4-10). The U-977 , whose crew also headed to Argentina seeking asylum, was also accused of drowning Bahia . However, military investigations conducted by the US and Brazilian Navy, concluded that the cruiser was indeed drowned by the cannon accident described above.
See also
- USSÃ, Indianapolis (CA-35), a heavy American cruiser, also drowned in July 1945, whose survivors encountered a situation similar to Bahia ' s
Note
References
Source
- Brook, Peter (1999). Wars of War for Exports: Armstrong Warships 1867 - 1927 . Gravesend, Kent, UK: World Ship Society. ISBNÃ, 0-905617-89-4.
- Moore, John, ed. Jane ' Fighting World Warship . London: Random House [Jane's Publishing Company], 2001 [1919]. ISBNÃ, 1-85170-378-0. OCLCÃ, 48257502.
- Rohwer, JÃÆ'¼rgen. Chronology of war in the sea, 1939-1945: World War II naval history. Naval Institute Press, 2005. page 423
- Scheina, Robert L. "Brazil" in Gardiner, Robert; Gray, Randal, ed. All World Conway Warships: 1906-1921 . Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1984. ISBNÃ, 0-87021-907-3. OCLCÃ, 12119866.
- Scheina, Robert L. Latin America ' s Wars: Volume, II, The Age of the Professional Soldier, 1900-2001 . Washington D.C.: Brassey's, 2003. ISBNÃ, 1-57488-452-2. OCLCÃ, 53078537.
- Smallman, Shawn C. Fear & amp; Memory in the Army and Society of Brazil, 1889-1954 . Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, 2002. ISBNÃ, 0-8078-5359-3. OCLCÃ, 250188940.
- Whitley, M.J. World War II Cruiser: International Encyclopedia . Annapolis: Naval Institute Press, 1995. ISBNÃ, 1-55750-141-6. OCLCÃ, 34089382.
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