Vehicle inspection is a procedure mandated by national or subnational governments in many countries, where vehicles are checked to ensure that they comply with regulations governing safety, emissions, or both. Inspections may be requested at various times, for example, on a regular basis or on the transfer of title to the vehicle. If required on a regular basis, it is often called periodic motor vehicle inspections ; typical intervals every two years and every year. When the vehicle passes the inspection, often stickers (stickers inspection stickers or inspections ) are placed on the windshield of the vehicle or registration plate to simplify later control, but in some countries such as the Netherlands since 1994 no longer need. The inspection station is the place to drive inside to see if the vehicle passes inspection after the vehicle has to be checked. Most US exam stickers/stickers display the month and year numbers.
In some jurisdictions, proof of inspection is required before a vehicle or plate license can be issued or renewed. Elsewhere, once the vehicle passes inspection, the inspection sticker is affixed to the windshield or registration plate, and the police can enforce the inspection law by checking whether the vehicle displays the latest sticker.
There is some controversy over whether to inspect motor vehicles on a regular basis is a cost-effective way to improve road traffic safety. Recent analysis of changes to safety inspection procedures in the United States has raised new doubts about the effectiveness of this inspection.
Video Vehicle inspection
Amerika
Brasil
There is currently no requirement for vehicle inspection in Brazil. The new resolution of Conselho Nacional de TrÃÆ'ns nsito (CONTRAN) will enforce mandatory vehicle inspections in the country by the end of 2019.
Canada
Emissions testing programs in Canada are required annually in southern Ontario alone (Ontario's Drive Clean). AirCare in British Columbia has been removed.
Security testing rules vary across provinces.
In Manitoba, Ontario and Newfoundland and Labrador, after purchasing a car (new or used) only, a valid security check must be performed before it can be registered. Dealers are required to provide buyers with new security, while private sellers do not (if private sellers choose, they can pay, and issue new security to make it more attractive to buy). In both cases, if the purchased vehicle has not had a safety test within the past year, the buyer must secure the vehicle before it can be registered with Manitoba General Insurance, Ontario Services, or NL Services. From the point of the car listed, no safety tests are required as long as the car remains with the current owner (however, if something goes wrong, automated mechanics, dealers and police have the right to refuse to let clients leave with unsafe cars).
Provinces of New Brunswick and Prince Edward Island require annual safety inspections, in Nova Scotia, safety inspections are required every two years for passenger vehicles and annually for heavy duty vehicles.
Provinces of British Columbia, Alberta, Saskatchewan, Quebec and the northern regions (Yukon, North West Territories and Nunavut) usually have no vehicle inspection or emissions test required for passenger vehicles unless the vehicle has been imported from other jurisdictions. Commercial vehicle requirements vary.
Mar 2008 "CAA-Quebec recommends that the government apply mandatory inspections for vehicles over eight years, as this will result in far less emissions produced by Quebec cars."
United States
In the United States, every state government is free to decide whether to need vehicle safety checks, as well as specific inspection programs. 18 countries have periodic (annual or bi-annual) safety inspections, while Maryland requires inspections prior to registration or transfer of ownership only. Some countries have removed their safety inspection programs in recent years, claiming that the program does not reduce accidents and is only a tax for vehicle owners.
Under the Clean Air Act (1990), countries are required to implement vehicle emission inspection programs in metropolitan areas whose air quality does not meet federal standards. The specifics of these programs vary from state to state. Some states, including Florida, Kentucky and Minnesota, have suspended their testing programs in recent years with the approval of the federal government.
In some states, inspections are conducted at state-run inspection stations. In other countries, private garages conduct inspections with the consent of the state.
Maps Vehicle inspection
Asia
Japanese
Under the Japanese shaken program, private cars and two-wheeled motorcycles have the first 3-year shaken (car check) 3 years with every 2 years requiring new> shocked .
China
Chinese Vehicle Carrier (CRV) operators can be fined by police if their vehicles emit visible smoke. Regulations are established and enforced by the province/region of economy/city as appropriate. New vehicles must pass the rules (Euro specs) that apply on the day of manufacture. This applies also in Hong Kong
Singapore
Cars are required to obtain annual safety and emissions inspections starting in the third model year, and every year after 10 years of modeling. Motorcycles and mopeds should be checked every year starting from the third year. Buses, taxis, commercial vehicles and trailers should be checked every year or six months depending on the age of the vehicle. The latest inspection (if required) is required to update the vehicle's road tax.
Israel
Cars older than three years must have an annual inspection as part of a car license. Cars that fail the inspection, must be repaired in seven days to be allowed to be piloted on the road. The "Test" checks the following: vehicle and owner identification including vehicle number plates; emission; driving; under; lamp; brake; wheel alignment. Cars older than fifteen are considered "antique", and should be checked every six months, and have additional checks on the brakes.
Europe
The EU Council Directive 96/96/EC dated December 20, 1996 mandated all member states to carry out periodic inspections of safety and emissions for most types of motor vehicles. It also sets minimum requirements for their inspections and intervals - for light commercial vehicles (up to 3.5 t) and private cars (up to 8 seats) the first inspection will occur not later than 4 years and at frequencies up to 2 years thereafter. All other types of vehicles should be checked annually (buses, vans, trucks, trailers, taxis, ambulances, trainers). Vehicles from the military and fire departments are exempt from directives.
Austria
In Austria, all vehicles must undergo " Wiederkehrende Begutachtung nach Ã, §7a KFG " (recurrent inspection under section 57a ​​of motor vehicle legislation). A sticker is placed on the windshield of the vehicle (usually the top left corner as seen from outside the vehicle), then the check itself is colloquially referred to as "Pickerl " (literally: sticker). The color of white stickers for vehicles with catalytic converters, and green for vehicles without one. Holes indicate the month and year of subsequent inspection should be performed. The actual inspection may be made one month before that date and up to four months after the date specified on the sticker; the vehicle remained well worth the way during that time. Unless the check is too late in the sense just described, the roadworthiness certificate can be transferred, which means the potential new owner will get a new sticker with the same date, but the corrected plate number after the vehicle registration. However, the latest official inspection report should be presented for this purpose to the authority issuing new registration documents and license plates.
The first check on a new passenger car is required after three years, another two years, while passenger cars must pass the official inspection every year to keep the road going. Large trucks and motorcycles have to undergo annual inspections since the first year. The inspection is done by a licensed specialty garage and by two major Austrian automotive clubs. The Austrian motor vehicle inspection covers both aspects of vehicle safety and emission standards.
Belgium
In Belgium, vehicle checks are known as autokeuring (Dutch) or contrÃÆ'Â'le technique (in French). All cars over four years old must be tested every year, and before selling them on the second-hand market. This annual period may be extended for up to two years if the following applies: Vehicle passes inspection and receives a green certificate, the vehicle has covered less than 100,000 km, the vehicle has been tested within the date limit and if the vehicle is less than six years.
Commercial vehicles must undergo an annual test, immediately after the first registration. Cars that pass the inspection receive a green certificate, which must be carried in the vehicle at all times along with other necessary documentation. Inspection has three possible turnouts. If the car is approved, the owner gets a green card, perhaps noting some minor attention points. If the vehicle fails the inspection, it is given a red card, which allows the owner to repair the car for the next two weeks, but does not prohibit the driver from using the car. In the worst case, cars are not allowed on the road anymore, and should be fixed soon. Receiving a red card is not unusual for an older car, so people often have to go twice or more to pass.
The vehicle inspection center is a private company, and can be found throughout Belgium. A vehicle owner can choose the inspection center they like, but if the vehicle fails inspection at one center, it should return to the same center for retest within two weeks.
Vehicles undergo a series of tests, including exhaust emissions, lamps, suspensions, brakes, tires, and checks to damage the body's damage and rust, and strict control of required vehicle documents. The set of tests performed depends on the vehicle class (such as passenger cars, trucks or classic cars).
Bulgarian
All cars must undergo annual tests. This test is performed in an accredited garage. This test is somewhat basic with only the brakes, lights and emissions being tested. The initial test is performed in the case of the first registration and any registration changes at the traffic police station (KAT). Cars that are newer than six years pass the test once per two years. Taxis and buses must be checked every six months.
Croatian
The National Program of road transport safety Republic of Croatia 2011-2020 (Croatia: Program Nacionalni sigurnosti cestovnog prometa Republike Hrvatske 2011.-2020. godine ) treats vehicle inspection as an important area for the prevention of traffic accidents, and as a vessel for routine financing of road safety regulations. The annual vehicle inspection in Croatia (Croatia's ki/k pregled ) typically finds unacceptable technical errors in about one-fifth of all vehicle (Start 2013). Under the Road Transport Safety Law, vehicles are checked at specialty stores ( stanica za tehni? Ki pregled , light up inspection stations technical) as a prerequisite for registration, which is then completed by the Ministry of Home Affairs. The technical inspection station also serves to control the insurance of the acquired vehicle, that the road tax is paid, that various taxes and levies on cars are paid, etc. They also collect various national statistics as well as enforce valid traffic payments. fines violation.
Czech Republic
The Czech Republic needs an emission check M ?? enÃÆ' emisÃÆ' and security checks TechnickÃÆ'¡ control every two years for passenger cars. New passenger cars must get their first roadworthiness certificate after four years. By the end of 2014, emission check markers (green) and safety inspection stickers (red) are placed on the back plate, after the vehicle passes both emissions and technical checks. Months and years of expiration are posted on each sticker. Since 2015 only safety (red) inspection stickers are placed on the back plate, as passing the emission check is a prerequisite for entry into safety inspections.
Estonian
Vehicle inspection (tehnoÃÆ'¼levaatus) for cars with mass registers of less than 3500 kg is required in 3 years for new cars, every 2 years for cars less than 10 years, and annually for cars older than 10 years. Inspection can be done at an accredited vehicle inspector.
Finnish
Finland has a long tradition of vehicle inspection, since 1917. Vehicle inspections were originally undertaken by municipalities and provincial inspectors but starting from 1968 inspections were transferred to a national road vehicle management body known as Autorekisterikeskus. In 1994 vehicle inspections were opened for competition and in 1996 Autorekisterikeskus was separated as the administrative body of Ajoneuvohallintokeskus (AKE) and inspection company Suomen Autokatsastus Oy. Currently, Liikenteen Turvallisuusvirasto TraFi, Ajoneuvohallintokeskus' successor since the beginning of 2010, organizes inspection firms and tracks the quality of inspections and inspections conducted by private companies. Over the years, the inspection procedures and facilities have been greatly improved and currently the quality of the inspection is at that level so that mechanical failure as a direct cause of fatal accidents across the country is minimal.
In Finland, "MÃÆ'¤ÃÆ'¤rÃÆ'¤aikaiskatsastus" (periodic inspection) is required for all passenger cars, vans, trucks, ATVs and trailers with a maximum structural weight of over 750 kilograms. The examination interval depends on the class and vehicle usage. For passenger cars used privately, inspections shall be conducted after three and five years calculated from the date specified from the first deployment and every year after the fifth year. For privately used vans, the first inspection should be performed after three years and every year after the third year. If no date is specified for the first placement (eg 00.00.1987) the checking time is determined by the last number of the license plate. The inspection period also varies depending on the class and the use of the vehicle, but for private passenger cars and vans throughout the period is four months before the date specified on the first placement date or four months prior to the last date of the inspection determined by the license plate. amount.
Periodic checks include verification of vehicle list information (VIN, taxes, insurance), test drives, brake testing, lamp checks and compulsory equipment, shallow inspections for visibility and handling of obstacles and bodywork, undercarriage inspections for suspension and corrosion and emission measurement (requirements vary depending on propellant and first implementation date). Emission measurements can be made at a registered workshop before the examination. If done so, the exact measurement certificate should be shown during inspection. Upon passing inspection, the new "Part one" certificate of registration is printed and submitted to the intermediate customer with an inspection report. If the examination fails, errors found during the inspection should be repaired and the vehicle must be shown at the same inspection station for "JÃÆ'¤lkitarkastus" (check back) within one month after the examination.
French
Vehicle testing has been mandatory in France since 1992. The first check ( ContrÃÆ'Â'le Technique ) is done after four years later after that every two years. Sticker CT blue and white embedded inside the windshield indicates when the next test should be performed. Less than 6 months required CT required before ownership transfer.
Motorcycles do not require testing in France.
German
Passenger cars must pass safety and emissions checks after three years for new cars, and then every two years. Vehicle heavy duty needs to be checked annually, motorcycles every two years. Inspection can be done by various organizations, such as TÃÆ'Ã… "V, DEKRA, KÃÆ'Ã…" S, GTÃÆ'Ã… ".
After the vehicle passes inspection, the safety inspection sticker is placed in the back plate. Decal emission checks are placed on the front plate until they are removed in 2010 and integrated into the safety inspection. The sticker is affixed with the number of months expiring pointing upwards, and the color of the sticker changes every year. That way, the expiry date can be checked at a glance and from a distance, then the black marks around 12.
Greek
In Greece every passenger vehicle must undergo inspection after four years of purchase (if new) and then every two years. Taxis, student vehicles and heavy transport vehicles are subject to inspection every year. The inspection center may be a public or private company. Personal vehicle technical control center (P-VTCC or I-KTEO in Greek) must be accredited in accordance with ISO 17020 standards. These requirements are changed and P-VTCC must be certified in accordance with ISO 9001: 2008 standards.
Hungarian
In Hungary each vehicle shall be tested (technical test, M? Szaki vizsga ) for road and emission eligibility. In the case of passenger cars first inspection after four years for new vehicles, and every two years thereafter. The examination decals are placed on the back plate, and they are also documented in vehicle registration documents. Recent checks are recorded electronically and stickers are no longer in use.
ireland
In Ireland, a National Car Test (NCT) is required for cars aged four years or older to be inspected for various items, such as brakes, lighting, bodywork conditions, emissions, etc. The disc that should be displayed on the windscreen is removed for the car that passed the test. This disc is valid for two years and then every year after the car reaches the age of 10 years, after which the car must be retested.
Roadworthiness certificates are required for goods vehicles, or vehicles carrying more than eight passengers (buses). This is usually referred to as a "DOE" certificate and tests are performed in an approved garage.
Italy
Vehicles with a total weight below 3.5 t should have their first inspection, called revisione , after four years, and then every two years. Buses, taxis, and ambulances are checked annually.
Inspections can be performed by official inspection workshops located in many cities. Inspection focuses on safety, especially tires, brakes, lamps, horns, but for several years the emission check has become more stringent. After a successful test, the garage will print a sticker with the title "esito regolare" and the date when the inspection is made that must be affixed to the vehicle brand title (the treasure in circolazione). Inspection fees are between 45 and EUR70 (subject to local taxes).
Dutch
In the Netherlands the " Algemene Periodieke Keuring " (APK) or General Periodic Inspection is mandatory for vehicles aged 3 - 50 years. Vehicle inspection up to 30 years is annual, bi-annual for vehicles from 30-49 years old, older vehicles are exempt. Inspections are included in accordance with safety standards and emissions applicable in the first year of introduction of the car. Registration is all digital and public, no more stickers or stickers are seen in the vehicle, and since July 2008, paper inspection reports no longer need to be brought in the car.
Norwegian
In Norway, vehicle inspections are called "Periodisk KjÃÆ'¸retÃÆ'¸ykontroll", which translates to "Inspection of periodic vehicles", although commonly referred to as "EU controls", originating from the European Union. When the car was four years old, the car had to undergo the first inspection. After this, inspections will be required every second year. Buses, taxis, and ambulances are checked annually. Inspections focus on security and emissions. After the examination is complete, the owner will be given a checklist with errors that need to be fixed before the vehicle can pass. If the car only has errors marked with 1, or no errors at all, the car will pass directly. Errors rated depending on how dangerous they are, with values ​​1, 2, and 3. Mistakes marked with 1 will not require re-examination. Errors marked with 2 will require re-examination, but the owner can use the car until the time limit of the inspection. Errors marked with 3 are very rare, and prohibit users from using the car until errors are corrected.
The examination fee is usually between 75-130 US dollars (400-1000 Norwegian Kroner). Vehicles can be checked in a garage approved by the Norwegian Public Road Agency (NPRA). Without a passing examination, the license plate of the vehicle will be withdrawn and the car is no longer legal. Police and NPRA check the license plate at regular intervals to check whether the car has passed the inspection, if road tax is paid and the car is insured.
Polish
In Poland there is an annual inspection requirement for most vehicles. The new passenger car vehicle (age four or less) should be checked in accordance with the next 3-2-1 year interval. Inspection is done by an accredited garage. Inspections include checking of major car systems such as brakes, suspensions, lights and steering, as well as the emissions and presence of compulsory equipment. Separate additional checks are required for cars that use autogas. Pass the inspection confirmed in the registration certificate. When a car does not pass inspection, the owner is requested to correct the cause and then passes the next inspection. The registration certificate may also be revoked if the vehicle is in fatal technical condition Driving without a valid examination is subject to fines.
Romanian
The Romanian vehicle must pass periodic checks between six months and two years, depending on the age of the car, called "Inspectie Tehnica Periodica" (ITP)
Russian
In Russia all vehicles must pass periodic inspections to ensure their roadworthiness that includes compliance with each other's regulations. To pass the inspection the vehicle should not exceed the mandated emission level (currently Euro-3), the brakes should not leak and the brake force must be symmetrical, the steering slip should not exceed the mandated parameters (from 10 Â ° for cars up to 25 for large trucks) , all lamps must provide the color, purpose and brightness of the emitted light, and the vehicle must be equipped with first aid kit, fire extinguisher and emergency stop sign. The windshield must have a functional washing machine, and while window coloring is allowed, including curtains on the windshield and rear windows, they must pass the amount of light required.
To pass the examination, a driver must go to a police vehicle registration center or an authorized workshop and submit a vehicle for inspection. If the vehicle passes, then the driver will receive a certificate of worthiness that must be submitted to the insurance company to obtain compulsory vehicle insurance. Lack of valid insurance certificates or driving with the passed has been subject to heavy fines and ultimately the withdrawal of the driver's license. Periodicity test varies with vehicle type. Commercial buses (defined as vehicles carrying 8 persons other than drivers) and very large/dangerous cargo trucks should be inspected every six months, heavy trucks (& gt; 3.5 tons of weight loaded) are checked annually, while cars new bikes and light trucks (& lt; 3.5 tons) should be checked first after three years, then twice a year until they are seven years old, after which the inspection becomes annual.
Spanish
Spanish vehicles are required to undergo InspecciÃÆ'³n TÃÆ' Â © cnica de VehÃÆ'culos , better known as ITV . Private civil vehicles should be checked after four years from the date of their first registration and afterwards should be examined every two years to ten years; after that, they should be checked annually. The inspection sticker should be placed on the top right side of the vehicle's windshield, and annually change the color to make it easier to control it.
Slovakia
Slovakia requires security checks and emissions checks every two years for passenger cars. New passenger cars must get their first roadworthiness certificate after four years. Heavy duty vehicles need to be presented to safety checks every year. Safety inspections and emissions check covers are placed on the windshield (bottom right).
Swedish
The passage of the driveway is tested for the first time in three years, the second time two years later, and thereafter once every year. For cars classified as veteran/classic cars (currently when cars reach the age of 30), road eligibility is tested every second year. Since July 2010 inspections may be conducted by vehicle inspection bodies accredited by SWEDAC.
Turkish
Until 2008 inspections of vehicles were limited to administrative checks (whether all taxes had been paid) and visual checks if the car fit the documents. In August 2005, the Turkish government decided to introduce a vehicle inspection scheme after the 96/96/EC directive from the European Union. Since no technical equipment was available for the actual road feasibility test, a contract was arranged with a German TÃÆ'Ã… "V SÃÆ'Ã…" D who presented himself for a syndication task with two Turkish companies. Trust TÃÆ'Ã… "V TÃÆ'¼rk awarded a monopoly on car inspection for 20 years. Beginning in 2009 the TÃÆ'Ã… "V test is compulsory for all cars with inspection schemes to follow the German inspection scheme - but there is a transition period through 2013 where the established TÃÆ'Ã…" V rule is not properly followed in mainland Europe. The shift in vehicle inspection policy remains somewhat sharp - due to the old vehicle inspection service being ravaged by corruption, no staff members are taken over to TÃÆ'Ã… "V SÃÆ'¼d, the internal check protocol is tighter than in Germany to prevent corruption. The introduction of TÃÆ'Ã… "V is accompanied by a powerful propaganda program to arouse requirements for modern inspection schemes (eg the number of fatal road accidents is three times higher than in mainland Europe although most countries are becoming very rural). In addition, it is expected that relations with Turkey Germany allow for the majority of citizens to have knowledge on how to overcome the TÃÆ'Ã… "V inspection scheme.
United Kingdom
The MOT test (from the Ministry of Transport, formerly Department of Transport) is the annual mandatory test of safety, road eligibility, and exhaust emissions for vehicles over the age of three. This is enforced by connecting the official MOT database with payment of vehicle customs tax. Prior to November 2014, tax discs should be displayed on vehicles.
After the first MOT (when the vehicle is three years old) the owner must get a vehicle tested every 12 months (unlike in most EU, where tests are required every 24 months after the vehicle is four years old). The test can be done up to 28 days before the end of the previous test without affecting the annual test date, enabling the next test up to 13 months later.
Isle of Man
On the Isle of Man there are no regular checks for motorcycles or private cars. Car rental for more than three years, goods vehicles, buses and taxis require annual inspection.
Inspection is also required if vehicles over three years of age are imported, this is introduced to prevent vehicles failing the examination elsewhere being transferred to the island. Inspection is also required if the vehicle has been out of the way (unlisted and insured) for more than two years.
Oceania
Australia
Vehicle inspections in Australia are conducted on a country basis. Each state or territory has the authority to establish its own laws relating to vehicle inspections, all (with the exception of the Norfolk Island administration territory itself) have some form of inspection, either periodically or prior to transfer of ownership.
In Queensland state, there is no legal requirement for private vehicle owners to conduct vehicle inspections on a regular basis. The only time a vehicle inspection is mandatory when the vehicle is being sold and must show the current Roadworthiness Certificate (RWC) as a guarantee to the buyer that the vehicle meets minimum safety standards. Without RWC, vehicles may only be sold on an "as is" basis, which does not entitle the vehicle to be legally ridden on public roads or registered until the RWC is obtained. Heavy vehicles (eg trucks) and common passenger vehicles (eg limousines, taxis, public buses) have a special inspection scheme that must be met regularly, usually every 6-12 months.
In the state of Victoria, there is no legal requirement for private vehicles to conduct vehicle inspections on a regular basis. The only time a vehicle inspection is required is when the vehicle:
- is being transferred to the new owner,
- is being registered after an unregistered period,
- registered for the first time (excluding brand new production vehicles), e.g. using imported cars, individually-made vehicles, etc., or
- have been labeled improper vehicles by police officers or Vicroads, in which case the owner will have 30 days to test the vehicle.
In Victoria, satisfactory inspections are deemed "Eligible Conditions" and issued with a Roadworthy Certificate (RWC) valid for 30 days. An RWC checks the general safety items of the car such as tires, brakes, lights etc., however, emissions tests are not required.
New Zealand
The NZ Transport Agency requires most vehicles to maintain Warrant of Fitness (WoF) through periodic inspections of licensed inspectors. Private light vehicles require inspections once every year if the vehicle model year is 2000 or later, any vehicle older than this should be checked every six months. New vehicles should be checked when the vehicle has been on the road for three years, after which it is required every year. Heavy vehicles and vehicles operated under the Transportation Service License, such as taxis, transportation, and rental cars, must obtain a Fitness Certificate (CoF), which is similar to WoF, but is required every six months regardless of the age of the vehicle.
Africa
Nigeria
This checks for emissions, machine-based headlamp tests, suspension, alignment, brake efficiency and under examination among other tests using computerized equipment. After the tests, the certification officer at the center will provide vehicle vehicle owner inspection reports stating defect (s), if any, found during the inspection. If the vehicle fails the inspection, the owner of the vehicle will be advised to repair the damage within 30 days.
Vehicles under the category of private vehicles are mandated to undergo an annual inspection prior to the issuance of a Road Eligibility Certificate by Vehicle Inspection Officers (VIO). However, vehicles under the commercial category must undergo periodic checks twice a year. A vehicle passing the inspection qualifies for a Road Eligibility Certificate and a tag to be placed on the windshield. Enforcement is done by Vehicle Inspection Officer.
Other countries that have adopted computerized vehicle inspections include Minna, Anambra with more countries in view and FCT, Abuja.
South Africa
A road worthy vehicle is considered worthy of a walk until it changes hands. A vehicle buyer is required to register a change of vehicle ownership. The new owner must show Roadworthy Certificate (CoR) to receive a new license (disk) for the vehicle. A new plate number was also issued at that time.
If a motor vehicle is used for public transport or heavy-duty vehicles (excluding buses), this vehicle is tested for road eligibility each year before renewed vehicle licenses. A bus must be tested for road eligibility every six months.
See also
- Car cost
- Car security
- Under vehicle inspection
References
External links
- CITA-Vehicle Inspection.org
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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