Smoke sidestream is smoke that enters the air directly from a burning cigarette, cigar, or cigarette pipe. Sidestream smoke is a major component (about 85%) of passive smokers (SHS), also known as Environmental Tobacco Smoke (ETS) or passive smokers. The chemical constituents of sidestream smoke differ from that inhaled directly ("mainstream") of smoking. Sidestream fumes have been classified as Class A carcinogens by the U.S. Environmental Protection Agency.
Video Sidestream smoke
Contents
Like primary smoke, sidestream tobacco smoke consists of many components including carbon monoxide, tar, nicotine, ammonia, benzene, cadmium and 4-aminobiphenyl. Some other compounds found in sidestream smoke are: vinyl chloride, hydrogen cyanide, arsenic, acrolein, acetaldehyde, formaldehyde, catechol, cresol, hydroquinone, lead, methyl ethyl ketone, nitric oxide, phenol, styrene, toluene and butane. Exposure to sidestream smoke results in higher concentrations of these compounds as well as increased concentrations of carboxyhemoglobin, nicotine, and cotinine in the blood. When comparing sidestream and condensate main streams, sidestream has condensate 2-6 times more per gram than the main smoke. Because incomplete combustion processes are responsible for the manufacture of smoke sidestream, there may be exposure to higher carcinogen concentrations than is usually inhaled directly.
Maps Sidestream smoke
Risk
There are more than 250 toxins and carcinogens in cigarette smoke. The risk of developing lung cancer, brain tumor, and acute myeloid leukemia and the incidence of heart disease and benign respiratory diseases increases with the inhalation of sidestream fumes. In addition, the possibility of developing breast cancer and cervical cancer is also increased by inhaling sidestream smoke.
Evidence has shown that sidestream smoke may be more dangerous, per gram, than the main smoke. However, sidemoke is inhaled in a much lower amount than in tobacco smokers.
The relative risk of cardiovascular disease is 1.2-1.3 with sidestream smoke exposure because cyanide is present in the smoke. There is also evidence that sidestream smoke causes negative effects on children, both behaviorally and cognitively. One study found that higher cotinine levels in children were correlated with decreased ability to perform in reading and math.
Factors such as age, gender and different occupations put a person at risk of bladder cancer - smoking is the only other known risk. 4-aminobiphenyl (4-ABP) is an integral component in tobacco smoke, as well as risk factors for bladder cancer. Sidestream fumes place individuals at an increased risk of bladder cancer because the 4-ABP concentration is more than ten times that of primary cigarette smoke.
Social effects
A non-smoker who inhales sidestream or passive smokers has a 30% greater risk of developing lung cancer at some point in their life. Second hand smoke exposure or sidestream has been linked to people who have not previously smoked.
The US Environmental Protection Agency estimates sidestream fumes cause about 3,000 lung cancer deaths and 62,000 deaths from heart disease in non-smokers each year in the United States.
Children
A child's exposure to airborne contaminants can have adverse health effects including high risk of respiratory infections, increased chances of childhood asthma, behavior problems and reduced neurocognitive ability. Mainstream smoke exposure and sidestream in childhood lead to an increased risk of cough, wheezing, and mucus production. Studies in mice have shown that those exposed to sidestream smoke while in utero and after the immediate period afterwards have differences in airway sensitivity compared with those exposed to sidestream smoke only while in utero or only after a period afterwards.
The reaction tube
Decreased glutathione levels were observed after exposure to sidestream smoke in vitro. Glutathione is an antioxidant that resides in the lungs after development. Exposure to sidestream smoke for at least twenty minutes may lead to an increase in contaminant particles in small human respiratory tract cells (SAEC). The cells exposed to sidestream smoke experience oxidative stress, which in turn allows DNA damage and cell transformation and uncontrolled cell proliferation. Such DNA mutations and uncontrolled cell division resulting from exposure to sidestream smoke can cause cancerous tumors.
Toxicological experiments
During the 1980s, the Philip Morris Tobacco Company conducted research on smoke sidestream at the FÃÆ'¼r Biologische Forschung Institute, although this was not published voluntarily. The study found that smoke sidestream is almost four times more toxic than cigarette smoke per metric metric. They also found that the sidestream condensate was nearly three times more toxic than the main smoke and 2-6 times more tumourigenic per gram than the mainstream condensate when applied to mouse skin; the results also show that the sidestream smoke prevents the animal's ability to attain normal weight. The research team concluded that the only way to protect themselves from sidestream smoke is to be in public places and work spaces free of cigarette smoke.
References
External links
- Site of the Environmental Protection Agency
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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