A respirator is a device designed to protect the wearer from inhaling particles, including microorganisms, vapors, vapors and gases in the air. There are two main categories: air purifying respirator forcing contaminated air through filtering elements, and air-supplied respirators in which other fresh air supply is delivered. In each category, different techniques are used to reduce or eliminate harmful contaminants in the air.
Respirators range from a relatively cheap disposable facial mask, disposable face mask to a more robust reusable model with replaceable cartridges.
They are also sometimes referred to as dust masks or gas masks.
Video Respirator
History
The earliest records until the 19th century
The history of protective respiratory equipment can be traced back as far back as the first century, when Pliny the Elder (about A.D. 23-79) was described using animal bladder skin to protect workers in the Roman mine from red lead oxide dust. In the 16th century, Leonardo da Vinci suggested that fine woven fabrics immersed in water could protect the sailors from poisonous weapons made from the powder he had designed.
In 1785, Jean-François Pilier de Rozier found breathing.
Alexander von Humboldt introduced a primitive respirator in 1799 when he worked as a mining engineer in Prussia. Almost all of the initial respirators consist of bags placed overhead, tied around the throat with windows that can be seen by the wearer. Some are rubber, some are made of rubber fabrics, and others are of impregnated fabrics, but in many cases compressed air tanks or air reservoirs under slight pressure are brought by the wearer to supply the necessary air respiration. In some devices, certain means are provided for the adsorption of carbon dioxide in exhaled air and rebreathing from the same air over and over again; in other cases the valve is allowed to exhale the air used.
In 1848, the first US patent for air purifying respirator was given to Lewis P. Haslett for 'Haslett's Lung Protector,' which filters dust from the air using a one-way clapper valve and filter made of wetted wool or similar pores. substance. Following Haslett, a long series of patents are issued for air purifiers, including patents for the use of cotton fibers as filtration media, for the absorption of charcoal and lime from poisonous vapors, and for improvements in eye and eyepiece assemblies. Hutson Hurd patented a cup-shaped mask in 1879 that became widely used in industry, and Hurd's H.S. Side Companies are still in business in the 1970s.
Inventors in Europe included John Stenhouse, a Scottish chemist, who investigated the power of charcoal in its various forms, to capture and hold large volumes of gas. He built one of the first respirators capable of removing toxic gases from the air, paving the way for activated charcoal to become the most widely used filter for respirators. British physicist John Tyndall took the mask of Stenhouse, adding a saturated cotton filter with lime, glycerin, and charcoal, and in 1871 created a 'fire-fighting respirator', a hood filtering smoke and gas from the air, which was exhibited at the Royal Society meeting in London on 1874. Also in 1874, Samuel Barton patented a device that 'allows respiration in places where the atmosphere is filled with harmful gases, or steam, smoke, or other impurities'. German Bernhard Loeb patented several inventions for 'purifying dirty or dirty air,' and counting the Brooklyn Fire Department among its customers.
World War I
The first recorded response and defense against chemical attack using respirators occurred during the Second Battle of Ypres on the Western Front in World War I. This was the first time Germany used large-scale chemical weapons to release 168 tons of chlorine gas over the next four miles (6 km) 6,000 troops within ten minutes through asphyxia. The denser gas from the air flowing down forces forces to climb out of their trenches. The Canadian troop reserves, which are far from attack, use a damp cloth as a primitive respirator. A Canadian soldier realizes that the ammonia in the urine will react with chlorine, neutralize it, and that the water will dissolve the chlorine, allowing the soldiers to breathe through the gas.
Maps Respirator
Modern technology
All respirators have several types of face coverings held on the wearer's head with straps, cloth binders, or other methods. The respirator's facepiator covers the entire face or the bottom of the face including the nose and mouth. The half face respirator can only be used in environments where contaminants are not toxic to the eyes or face area. For example, someone who paints an object with a spray paint can wear a half-face respirator, but someone working with chlorine gas should wear a full face respirator. Facepieces come in a variety of styles and sizes, to accommodate any type of face shape. The respirator design difference affects the respirator's protection factor, ie the level of protection produced which is the type of hazard.
Compatibility test
All respirators function by forming a seal on the user's face with the respirator itself. This is important, because the respirator is designed to come in contact with all air flowing through it, which is then transmitted to the user. The fit test uses simple equipment that puts users facing and headed to a hood, where scented haze is sprayed, usually bitter or sweet, with the preferred bitter taste for an almost accidental user reaction. Following the standard procedure, the user then breathes through the respirator selected, and indicates whether they can detect fog. If you can not, the filter has passed the basic requirements of the face seal and the user also understands how to install the mask.
While users can not detect a sweet or bitter indicator, which indicates an appropriate match, this test does not provide an indication of whether the equipment is appropriate for the hazard.
Purify-air
Air purifying respirators are used to fight particulates, gases, and vapors that are at less atmospheric concentrations than harmful to life and health. These include:
- negative pressure respirator using mechanical filters and chemical media
- positive pressure units such as air purifying respirators (PAPRs)
- Escape Only the respirator or head covering such as the Air Purifier Exit Respirator for the public to use for chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear terrorism incidents.
Full hood, half-or full-facepiece designs are marketed in many varieties depending on the dangers of concern with using air filters that act passively in the air being inhaled by the wearer. Two common examples of this type of respirator are hook caps and a single-use filter mask. The latter is usually a simple, lightweight, one part, half face mask and uses the first three mechanical filter mechanisms in the list below to remove particulates from the airflow. The most common of these are the disposable white N95 varieties. These are discarded after a single use or some extended period depending on the contaminants. Filter masks are also available in multi-purpose models that can be changed. Usually one or two cartridges stick securely to a mask that has built into it a number of valves for inhalation and one for breathing.
The American National Standards Institute (ANSI) and the International Safety Equipment Association (ISEA) set the American National Standard for Purifying Refrigerant Smoke Rescue Purifier for determining both the testing criteria and the approval method for the detached flame/smoke hood. The ANSI/ISEA standard 110 provides design guidelines for manufacturers of Respiratory Protection Protective Equipment (RPED) in the form of performance requirements and test procedures. This standard includes certification, ISO registration for the manufacturer, related testing methods, labeling, conditioning requirements, independent processes and quality control audits, and an advanced inspection program. ANSI/ISEA 110 is prepared by members of the ISEA RPED group, in consultation with testing laboratories and reviewed by a consensus panel representing users, health and safety professionals and government representatives. U.S. Consumer Products Safety Commission using ANSI/ISEA 110 as a benchmark in its testing of fire escape masks.
Mechanical filter
Mechanical filter respirators retain particles such as dust created during wood or metal processing, when contaminated air is passed through a filter material. Wool is still used today as a filter, along with plastic, glass, cellulose, and a combination of two or more of these materials. Because the filters can not be cleaned and reused and have a limited lifespan, cost and disposibility are key factors. Disposable, disposable and replaceable cartridge models exist.
Mechanical filters remove contaminants from the air in the following ways:
- by interception when the particles following the flow line in the airflow come within a radius of one fiber and stick to it;
- by impaction , when larger particles that can not follow the contour of the airflow curve are forced to implant in one of the fibers directly; this increases with reduced fiber separation and higher airflow rate
- with an enhancement mechanism called diffusion , in which gas molecules collide with the smallest particles, especially those below 100 nm in diameter, thereby impeded and delayed in the path through the filter; this effect is similar to Brownian motion and increases the probability that the particle will be stopped by one of the two mechanisms above; it becomes dominant at lower airflow velocity
- by using certain resins, waxes, and plastics as a coating on the filter material to attract particles with electrostatic charges that hold them on the surface of the filter;
- by using gravity and allowing particles to settle into the filter material (this effect is usually negligible); and
- by using the particle itself, after the filter is used, acts as a filter medium for other particles.
Given that only particulates are carried out on airflow and mesh fiber filters, diffusion predominates below the 0.1 m diameter. Impaction and interception dominate above 0.4? M. In between, near 0.3? M most penetrating particle size, diffusion and interception dominate.
For maximum efficiency of particle removal and reducing airflow resistance through filters, particulate filters are designed to keep airflow velocity through the filters as low as possible. This is achieved by manipulating the slope and shape of the filter to provide a larger surface area.
Substantial progress in mechanical filter technology is the HEPA filter. A HEPA filter can remove as much as 99.97% of all air particulates with a 0.3 micrometer or greater aerodynamic diameter.
In the United States, the National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health defines the following particulate filter categories in 2011:
European Standard EN 143 defines the following particle filter classes that can be affixed to the face mask:
The European Standard EN 149 defines the following classes "filtering out half masks" (also called "filtering out facial pieces"), ie respirators that are entirely or largely made of filtering materials:
Determination of the standard EN 143 and EN 149 European test filters with dried sodium chloride and paraffin oil aerosol after storing the filter at 70 ° C and -30 ° C. for 24 hours each. The standards include testing of mechanical strength, breath resistance and blockage. EN 149 tested leaks in between the mask and face, where ten human subjects performed 5 exercises each and for 8 individuals, the average measured inner leak should not exceed 22%, 8% and 2% respectively, such as listed above.
Chemical cartridge
Chemical cartridge respirators use cartridges to remove gases, volatile organic compounds (VOCs), and other vapors from breathing air with adsorption, absorption, or chemisorption. Organic vapor respirator cartridges are metal or plastic boxes containing 25 to 40 grams of sorption medium such as activated charcoal or certain resins. Cartridge service life varies based on, among other variables, on carbon and steam molecular weight and media cartridges, atmospheric vapor concentration, atmospheric relative humidity, and respiratory wearer respiratory rate. When the filter cartridge becomes saturated or particulate accumulated inside it begins to restrict airflow, they must be altered.
If the concentration of harmful gases is harmful to life or health, US law prohibits the use of air purifying respirators. NIOSH also prohibits its use in such conditions.
Resilient air purifier respirator
Power-purifying air purifiers (PAPRs) take contaminated air, remove certain pollutants and return air to users. There are different units for different environments. The units consist of a powerful fan that forces air into one or more filters for the user to breathe. Fans and filters can be carried by the user or they can be mounted remotely and users breathe air through the tube.
The filter type should be matched with contaminants that need to be removed. Some PAPRs are designed to remove fine particles, while others are suitable for working with volatile organic compounds such as in spray paint. It should have the filter element replaced more often than the particulate filter.
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA)
Self-contained breathing apparatus (SCBA) typically has three main components: high-pressure air cylinders (eg, 2200 psi to 4500 psi), pressure and regulator gauges, and inhalation connections (mouthpieces, mouth masks or full face masks), connected together and installed to the bearer frame or harness with shoulder straps and adjustable belt so it can be worn on the back. There are two types of SCBA: open circuit and closed circuit. Most modern SCBAs are open circuits.
The open circuit industry breathing circuit is filled with filtered and compressed air. The compressed air passes through the regulator, inhaled and exhaled out of the circuit, rapidly depleting the air supply. Air cylinders are made of aluminum, steel, or composite construction such as aluminum wrapped in fiberglass. This type of "positive pressure" is common, which supplies a steady stream of air to stop smoke or smoke from leaking into the mask. Another SCBA is a type of "demand", which only supplies air when the regulator feels the user is inhaling. All firefighting departments and those working in toxic environments use SCBA's positive pressure for security reasons.
SCBA filters a closed type of circuit, supplement, and recirculation exhale gas such as rebreather. This is used when the supply of respiratory gas is required in longer durations, such as in mine rescue and in long tunnels, and passes through channels that are too narrow for large open air cylindrical cylinders.
OSH specialist training
Choice and use of respirators in developed countries is governed by national laws. To ensure that employers choose respirators properly, and carry out high-quality respiratory protection programs, various guides and textbooks have been developed:
See also
- Air purifying respirator cartridges and canisters
- Gas mask
- Pocket mask, tool for sending breaths of rescue
- Respirator tests at work
- Cotton smoke
- Surgical mask
References
Bibliography
- Nancy Bollinger, Robert Schutz et al. NIOSH Guides for Industrial Respiratory Protection. - NIOSH. - Cincinnati, Ohio: DHHS (NIOSH) Publications no. 87-116, 1987. - 305 p.
- Linda Rosenstock et al. TB Respiratory Protection Program at Health Care Facilities. Administrator's Guide. - DHHS (NIOSH) Publication No. 99-143. - Cincinnati, Ohio, 1999. - 120 p.
- Nancy Bollinger et al. NIOSH Respirator Selection Logic. - DHHS (NIOSH) Publication no. 2005-100. - Cincinnati, Ohio, 2004. - 39 p
- Respiratory protective equipment works. Practical guide. 4 ed. - HSE (English). - Norwich: Crown, 2013. - 59 p. - ISBN 978 0 7176 6454 2.
- BGR/GUV-R 190 Benutzung von AtemschutzgerÃÆ'¤ten. - Deutsche Gesetzliche Unfallversicherung e.V. (DGUV), Medienproduktion. - Berlin (BRD), 2011. - 174 p.
- Jaime Lara, Mireille Vennes . Respiratory protection guidelines pratique de. - Institut de recherche Robert-Sauvà ©  © en santÃÆ' © et en sÃÆ'  © curitÃÆ'  © du travail (IRSST). - MontrÃÆ' © al (Canada), 2002. - 56 p. - ISBNÃ, 2-550-37465-7
Bacaan lebih lanjut
- Savage, Robert C. Woosnam; Hall, Anthony (2002). Buku Brassey Book of Body Armor . Brassey's. ISBN: 1-57488-465-4.
- Palazzo, Albert (2000). Mencari Kemenangan di Front Barat: Tentara Inggris dan Perang Kimia dalam Perang Dunia I . Universitas Nebraska Press. ISBNÂ 0-8032-8774-7.
- Cheremisinoff, Nicholas (1999). Handbook of Industrial Toxicology and Hazardous Materials . Marcel Dekker. ISBNÂ 0-8247-1935-2.
- NIOSH respirator halaman utama
- lembar fakta respirator NIOSH
- Apa yang Spesial tentang Chemical, Biological, Radiological, dan Nuclear (CBRN) Air-Purifying Respirators (APR)? Lembar Fakta NIOSH
- NIOSH-Disetujui Respirator Partikulat Sekali Pakai (Penyaringan Facepieces)
- Catatan Aplikasi TSI ITI-041: Mekanisme Filtrasi untuk Filter Berserat Efisiensi Tinggi
- Standar Inggris BS EN 143: 2000: Alat pelindung pernafasan - Filter partikel - Persyaratan, pengujian, penandaan
- Standar Inggris BS EN 149: 2001: Alat pelindung pernafasan - Menyaring setengah masker untuk melindungi terhadap partikel - Persyaratan, pengujian, penandaan
Tautan eksternal
- Panduan Respirator 3M Keselamatan Klasifikasi 3M.com
- Panduan Perusahaan Alat Pernapasan Tambang Keselamatan (MSA) MSA.com
- Masker Pelindung CDC Lembar Fakta cdc.gov/niosh
- Pusat Kesehatan Kerja dan Keselamatan Kerja Kanada (CCOHS) Pilihan Respirator ccohs.ca
- Tautan berikut adalah logika pemilihan respirator dan halaman informasi riset tawaran kompetitif untuk para responden pertahanan Kimia, Biologi, Radiologi, dan Nuklir (CBRN):
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- Air-Purifying Respirators (APR): cdc.gov/niosh. Persetujuan produsen respirator untuk respirator pemurni udara bersertifikat NIOSH dengan CBRN Protection (CBRN APR). Link ini mencakup APR dan Air-Purifying Escape Respirators (APER) yang disertifikasi oleh NIOSH National Personal Protective Technology Laboratory (NPPTL), Pittsburgh, PA, untuk perlindungan CBRN standar NIOSH. CBRN APR adalah pernafasan yang ketat, respirator lengkap dengan aksesori yang disetujui dan melindungi zona pernapasan pengguna dengan mengandalkan tekanan negatif pengguna, pengujian yang sesuai dan pemeriksaan segel pengguna untuk menyaring konsentrasi yang berbahaya bagi pernapasan yang lebih berbahaya dari berbahaya bagi hidup dan kesehatan (IDLH) senyawa dan partikulat melalui tabung NIOSH CBRN Cap 1, Cap 2 atau Cap 3 untuk CBRN APR- atau CBRN 15- atau CBRN 30-rated APER.
- PAPR: cdc.gov/niosh. Persetujuan produsen respirator untuk respirator pemurni udara bertenaga NIOSH bersertifikat dengan CBRN Protections (CBRN PAPR-fitting longgar atau fitting ketat)
- video OSHA tentang perlindungan pernapasan osha.gov
- Keselamatan & amp; Administrasi Kesehatan, Pelatihan Perlindungan Pernafasan Video tentang perlindungan pernapasan
- Penemuan Masker Gas brinkster.com
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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