recreational drug use is the use of psychoactive drugs to induce altered states of consciousness for pleasure, by modifying the perceptions, feelings, and emotions of users. When a psychoactive drug enters the user's body, it induces an intoxicating effect. Generally, recreational drugs fall into three categories: depressants (drugs that create feelings of relaxation and calm); stimulants (drugs that generate a sense of energy and alertness); and hallucinogens (drugs that induce perceptual distortions such as hallucinations). In popular practice, drug use in general is a tolerated social behavior, rather than considered a serious medical condition of self-medication. However, the use of many drugs is socially stigmatized.
Recreational drugs include alcohol (as found in beer, wine, and spirits distilled); marijuana and marijuana; nicotine (tobacco); caffeine (coffee and tea); and controlled substances listed as illegal drugs in the Narcotics Drug Single Convention (1961) and the Convention on Psychotropic Substances (1971) of the United Nations. What controlled substances are considered illegal drugs vary by country, but usually include methamphetamine, heroin, cocaine, and club medicines. By 2015, it is estimated that about 5% of people aged 15 to 65 have used illegal drugs at least once (158 million to 351 million).
Video Recreational drug use
Reasons for use
Many researchers have explored the etiology of drug use. Some of the most common theories are: genetics, personality type, psychological problems, self-medication, gender, age, instant gratification, basic human needs, curiosity, rebellion, group sense, family and attachment issues, trauma history, school or workplace, socioeconomic stressors, peer pressure, juvenile delinquency, availability, historical factors, or sociocultural influences. There is no agreement on a single cause. In contrast, experts tend to apply biopsychosocial models. A number of these factors are likely to affect the use of individual drugs because they are not mutually exclusive. Regardless of genetics, mental health or traumatic experiences, social factors play a large role in the exposure and availability of certain drug types and patterns of drug use.
According to researcher Martin A. Plant addiction, many people undergo a period of self-redefinition before starting drug use. They tend to look at using drugs as part of a common lifestyle that involves subcultures that they associate with high status and challenging social norms. Plant says, "From the user's point of view, there are many positive reasons to be part of the drug-taking environment.The reasons for using drugs seem to have a lot to do with the need for friendship, fun and status as they do with unhappiness or poverty.Take drug-takers, for many, is a positive affirmation rather than a negative experience. "
Evolution
Anthropological research shows that humans "may have evolved to counter-exploit plant neurotoxins". The ability to use botanical chemicals to serve the function of endogenous neurotransmitters may have improved survival rates, providing an evolutionary advantage. Usually limited prehistoric diets may have emphasized the real benefits of taking psychoactive drugs, which have evolved to mimic neurotransmitters. Chemical-ecological adaptations, and the genetics of liver enzymes, especially the P450 cytochrome, have led researchers to suggest that "humans have shared co-evolutionary relationships with psychotropic substances that are millions of years old."
Maps Recreational drug use
Risk
The severity and types of risks that come with recreational drug use vary widely with the drug in question and the amount used. There are many factors in the environment and within users who interact with each drug differently. Overall, several studies have shown that alcohol is one of the most dangerous of all drugs; only heroin, cocaine, and methamphetamine are considered more dangerous. However, studies focused on moderate levels of alcohol intake have concluded that there are substantial health benefits from their use, such as reduced risk of heart disease, stroke and cognitive decline. This claim has been disputed. Researcher David Nutt states that this study demonstrates the benefits for "moderate" alcohol consumption have no control for the variables of what the subjects drink, first. Experts in the UK have suggested that some drugs may cause less harm, for fewer users (although they are also used less frequently in the first place), including marijuana, psilocybin mushrooms, LSD, and ecstasy. These medicines are not without their own special risks.
Responsible use
The concept of "responsible drug use" is that a person may use recreational drugs or with negatively reduced or eliminated risks that affect other aspects of one's life or the lives of others. Proponents of this philosophy point out to many famous artists and intellectuals who have used drugs, experimentally or otherwise, with few adverse effects in their lives. The use of responsible drugs becomes problematic only when substance use significantly interferes with the user's daily life.
Responsible drug use suggests that users should not use drugs at the same time as activities such as driving, swimming, operating machinery, or other unsafe activities without getting drunk. Responsible drug use is emphasized as a major preventive technique in drug harm reduction policies. The damage-reduction policy was popularized in the late 1980s, although they began in the 1970s counter-culture, when cartoons describing responsible drug use and the consequences of irresponsible drug use distributed to users. Another problem is that the illegality of medicines itself also causes social and economic consequences for those who use them - they can be "cut off" by adulterers and their purity varies widely, making overdoses more likely - and legalizing the production and distribution of drugs. will reduce this and other illegal drug use hazards. The reduction of adverse effects seeks to minimize the harm that can occur through the use of various drugs, whether legal (eg, alcohol and nicotine), or illegal (eg, heroin and cocaine). For example, people who inject drugs can minimize harm to themselves and community members through appropriate injection techniques, using new needles and syringes each time, and proper disposal of all injecting equipment.
Prevention
In an effort to reduce drug use, governments around the world introduced several laws that prohibit the possession of almost all types of drugs during the 20th century. The "War on Drugs" of the West, is now facing increasing criticism. Evidence is not enough to know whether behavioral interventions help prevent drug use in children.
Demographics
Australia
Alcohol is the most widely used drug in Australia, tried one or more times in their lives by 86.2% of Australians aged 12 years and over, while 34.8% of Australians 12 years of age or older have used marijuana once or more in their lives.
United States
In the 1960s, the number of Americans who had tried marijuana at least once increased more than twentyfold. In 1969, the FBI reported that between 1966 and 1968, the number of arrests for marijuana possession, which had been banned throughout the United States under the 1937 Tax Cash Act, had increased by 98%. Despite the recognition that drug use greatly increased among American youth during the late 1960s, the survey showed that only 4% of the American population ever smoked marijuana in 1969. However, in 1972, that number would increase to 12%. That number will double in 1977.
The Controlled Substances Act of 1970 classifies cannabis along with heroin and LSD as a drug Schedule I, that is, has the highest relative potential of abuse and no medical use is accepted. Most marijuana at the time came from Mexico, but in 1975 the Mexican government agreed to eradicate the plant by spraying it with paraquat herbicides, raising concerns about toxic side effects. Colombia then became the main supplier. The "no-tolerance" climate of the Reagan and Bush governments (1981-93) resulted in the passage of strict legislation and mandatory penalties for marijuana ownership and increased alertness to smuggling across the southern border. The "war on drugs" thus brings about a change from dependence on imported supplies to domestic cultivation (especially in Hawaii and California). Beginning in 1982, the Drug Eradication Administration raised attention on marijuana farms in the United States, and there was a shift to indoor plant growth specifically developed for small and high yields. After more than a decade of declining use, smoking marijuana started upward trend once again in the early 1990s, especially among teenagers, but by the end of the decade this rise had leveled well below previous usage.
Society and culture
Many movements and organizations support or oppose the liberalization of drug use, especially the legalization of cannabis. Subcultures have emerged among drug users, as well as among those who distance themselves from them, such as teetotalism and "straight edge".
The prevalence of recreational drugs in human society is broadly reflected in fiction, entertainment, and art, subject to applicable law and social conventions. In video games, for example, the enemy is often a drug dealer, a narrative tool that justifies the player who killed them. Other games describe drugs as a kind of "power-up"; the effect is often unrealistically conveyed by making the screen shaky and opaque.
General recreational drugs
Drugs are often associated with certain administration routes. Many drugs can be consumed more than one way. For example, marijuana can be swallowed like food or smoked, and cocaine can be "sniffed" in the nostrils, injected, or, by various modifications, smoked.
- inhalation: all intoxicative inhalants (see below) which are solvent gases or vapors that are inhaled through the trachea, as the name implies
- insufflation: also known as "sniff", or "sniff", this method involves the user placing the powder in the nostrils and breathing through the nose, so the drug is absorbed by the mucous membrane. Drugs that are "sniffed," or "snorted," include amphetamine, cocaine, heroin, ketamine, and MDMA powders. In addition, tobacco tobacco
- intravenous injection (see also Medication injection article): the user injects aqueous and vascular solution, or less commonly, into the tissue. Injected drugs include morphine and heroin, other less common opioids. Stimulants such as cocaine or methamphetamine can also be injected. In rare cases, the user injects another drug.
- oral intake: caffeine, ethanol, edibles marijuana, psilocybin mushrooms, coca tea, poppy tea, laudanum, GHB, ecstasy pills with MDMA or other substances (especially stimulants and psychedelics), prescription and over-the- ADHD and narcolepsy drugs, benzodiazapine, anxiolytics, tranquilizers, cough suppressants, morphine, codeine, opioids and others)
- sublingual: the substance diffuses into the blood through the tissue under the tongue. Many psychoactive drugs can or have been specially designed for sublingual administration, including barbiturates, benzodiazepines, opioid analgesics with poor gastrointestinal bioavailability, LSD blocking, coca leaf, some hallucinogens. This administration route is activated while chewing some form of smokeless tobacco (eg tobacco dipping, snus).
- intrarectal: administration into the rectum, most water-soluble drugs can be used in this way
- smoking (see also section below): tobacco, marijuana, opium, crystal meth, phencyclidine, crack cocaine and heroin (diamorphine as freebase) known as chasing dragons
- transdermal fillings with prescribed medications: e.g. methylphenidate ( Daytrana ) and fentanyl
Many drugs are taken through various routes. The intravenous route is the most efficient, but also one of the most dangerous. Nose, rectum, inhalation and smoking are safer. Oral route is one of the safest and most convenient, but little bioavailability.
Type
Depressant
Depressants are psychoactive drugs that temporarily reduce the function or activity of certain parts of the body or mind. Everyday language, depressants are known as "downers", and users generally bring them feel more relaxed and less tense. Examples of these types of effects may include anxiolysis, sedation, and hypotension. Depressants are widely used around the world as prescription drugs and illicit substances. When this is used, the effects may include anxiolysis, analgesia (pain relief), sedation, somnolence, cognitive/memory impairment, dissociation, muscle relaxation, lower blood pressure/heart rate, respiratory depression, anesthesia, and anticonvulsant effects. Depressants exert their effects through a number of different pharmacological mechanisms, most notably of which include GABA facilitation or opioid activity, and inhibition of adrenergic activity, histamine or acetylcholine. Some are also able to stimulate feelings of euphoria (happy sensation). The most widely used depressant is distant alcohol.
Stimulants or "upper parts", such as amphetamines or cocaine, which improve mental or physical functioning, have the opposite effect on depressants.
Antihistamines
Antihistamines (or "histamine antagonists") inhibit the release or action of histamine. "Antihistamines" may be used to describe any histamine antagonist, but this term is usually used for classical antihistamines acting on histamine receptors H 1 . Antihistamines are used as a treatment for allergies. Allergies are caused by an excessive response of the body to allergens, such as pollen released by grass and trees. Allergic reactions cause the release of histamine by the body. Other uses of antihistamines are to help with normal symptoms of insect stings even if there is no allergic reaction. Their recreational attractiveness exists primarily because of their anticholinergic properties, which induce anxiolysis and, in some cases such as diphenhydramine, chlorpheniramine, and orphenadrine, characteristic euphoria at moderate doses. High doses taken to induce drug effects can lead to an overdose. Antihistamines are also consumed in combination with alcohol, especially by teens who find it hard to get alcohol. The combination of both drugs can cause poisoning with a lower dose of alcohol.
Hallucinations and possibly delirium that resemble the effects of Datura stramonium can occur if the drug is taken much higher than the therapeutic dose. Antihistamines are widely available in drug stores (without prescription), in the form of allergy medications and some cough medicines. They are sometimes used in combination with other substances such as alcohol. Uncontrolled use of antihistamines in general in terms of volume and percentage of the total may be in parallel with the use of some antihistamine medications to stretch and intensify opioid and depressant effects. The most commonly used is hydroxyzine, mainly to stretch the supply of other drugs, such as in medical use, and the first-generation antihistamines of ethanolamine and the above-mentioned alkylamin classes, which - again as in the 1950s - the subject of medical research into the anti- their depressants.
For all of the above reasons, the use of scopolamine drugs for recreational use is also seen.
Analgesics
Analgesics (also known as "pain relievers") are used to relieve pain (reaching analgesia). The word analgesic is derived from the Greek "?? -" ( an - , "without") and "?????" ( ÃÆ'¡lgos , "sick"). Analgesic drugs act in various ways in the peripheral and central nervous system; they include paracetamol (para-acetylaminophenol, also known in the US as acetaminophen), nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as salicylates, and opioid drugs such as hydrocodone, codeine, heroin and oxycodone. Some further examples of opiate opiate and opioid analgesic recipes that can be used in recreation include Vicodin, Lortab, Norco (hydrocarbons), Avinza, Kapanol (morphine), Opana, Paramorphan (oxymorphone), Dilaudid, Palladone (hydromorphone), and OxyContin ( oxycodone).
Tranquilizers
Tranquilizers (GABAergics):
- Barbiturat
- Benzodiazepine
- Ethanol (min alcohol, ethyl alcohol)
- Nonbenzodiazepine
- Lainnya
- Carisoprodol (Soma)
- hydrate cloral
- diethyl ether
- ethchlorvynol (Placidyl; "jelly-bellies") gamma-butyrolactone (GBL, prodrug of GHB)
gamma-hydroxybutyrate (GHB; G; Xyrem; "Liquid Ecstasy"; "Fantasy") - glutethimide (Doriden)
- coffee (dari Piper methysticum ; mengandung kavalactones)
- ketamine
- meprobamate (Miltown)
- methaqualone (Sopor, Mandrax; "Quaaludes")
- phenibut
- Propofol (Diprivan)
- theanine (ditemukan of Camellia sinensis , pabrik teh)
- valerian (dari Valeriana officinalis )
Stimulan
Stimulants, also known as "psychostimulants", induce euphoria with increased mental and physical functioning, such as increased alertness, awake, and drive. Since the effect usually has an "up" quality for them, the stimulant is also sometimes referred to as the "top". Depressants or "downers", which decrease mental or physical functioning, are in stark contrast to the stimulants and are considered their functional opponents.
Stimulants increase the activity of the central and peripheral nervous system. Common effects may include increased alertness, awareness, awareness, endurance, productivity, and motivation, passion, drive, heart rate, and blood pressure, and reduced desire for food and sleep.
The use of stimulants can cause the body to significantly reduce the production of natural chemicals that fulfill similar functions. Until the body rebuilds its normal state, once the effects of digestible stimulants have faded from the user may feel depressed, lethargic, confused, and miserable. This is called a "crash", and can trigger the reuse of stimulants.
Examples include:
- Sympathomimetics (catecholaminergic) - for example. amphetamines, methamphetamine, cocaine, methylphenidate, ephedrine, pseudoephedrine
- Entactogens (serotonergic, especially phenethylamines) - eg. MDMA
- Eugeroics, e.g. modafinil
- More
- arecoline (found in Areca catechu )
- caffeine (found in Coffea spp )
- nicotine (found in Nicotiana spp )
- rauwolscine (found in Rauvolfia serpentina )
- yohimbine (Procomil, tryptamine alkaloid found at Pausinystalia yohimbe )
Euphoriants
- Alcohol : "Euphoria, feelings of well-being, have been reported during the initial phase (10-15 minutes) of alcohol consumption" (eg beer, wine or alcohol)
- Catnip Catnip contains a sedative known as nepetalactone that activates opioid receptors. In cats, cats sniff, lick, chew, head quiver, roll over, and rub which is an indicator of pleasure. However, in humans, catnip does not act as euphoria.
- Ganja Tetrahydrocannabinol, the main psychoactive ingredient in this plant can have sedative and euphoric properties.
- Stimulants : "Psychomotor stimulants produce locomotor activity (the subject becomes hyperactive), euphoria, (often expressed by excessive speech and gross behavior), and anorexia Amphetamine is the most recognizable drug in this case category... "
- MDMA : "Euphoria drugs such as MDMA ('ecstasy') and MDEA ('eve')" are popular among young adults. MDMA "users experience a feeling of short-term euphoria, energy rush and increased tactility."
- Opium : "Drugs derived from raw pod seeds from opium poppy... produce drowsiness and euphoria and reduce pain.Morphine and codeine are opium derivatives."
Hallucinogens
Hallucinogens can be divided into three broad categories: psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants. They can cause subjective changes in perception, thought, emotion and consciousness. Unlike other psychoactive drugs such as stimulants and opioids, hallucinogens not only strengthen the familiar state of mind but also induce different experiences from ordinary consciousness, often compared with other forms of unusual consciousness such as trance, meditation, conversion experience, and dream.
Psychedelics, dissociatives, and deliriants have a long history of use in the world in drug and religious traditions. They are used in the form of shamanic healing rituals and forecasts, in initiation ceremonies, and in the religious rituals of syncretistic movements such as UniÃÆ'Â oo doing Vegetal, Saint Daime, the Temple of True Light, and the Native American Church. When used in religious practice, psychedelic drugs, as well as other substances such as tobacco, are called entheogens.
Beginning in the mid-20th century, psychedelic drugs have become the object of widespread concern in the Western world. They have been and are being explored as potential therapeutic agents in treating depression, post-traumatic stress disorder, obsessive-compulsive disorder, alcoholism, and opioid addiction. But the most popular, and at the same time most stigmatized, the psychedelic usage in Western culture has been linked with the search for a direct religious experience, increased creativity, personal development, and "expansion of mind". The use of psychedelic drugs was a major element of the 1960s counterpoint, in which it became associated with various social movements and the general atmosphere of mutiny and intergeneral disputes.
- Deliriants
- atropine (an alkaloid found in the Solanaceae family plant , including datura, deadly nightshade, plant and mandrake)
- dimenhydrinate (Dramamine, antihistamine)
- diphenhydramine (Benadryl, Unisom, Nytol)
- hyoscyamine (alkaloids are also found in Solanaceae )
- hyoscine hydrobromide (alkisoid other Solanaceae )
- myristicin (found in Myristica fragrans ("Nutmeg"))
- ibotenic acid (found in Amanita muscaria ("Fly Agaric"); prodrug to muscimol)
- muscimol (also found in Amanita muscaria , a GABAergic)
- Dissociative
- dextromethorphan (DXM; Robitussin, Delsym, etc.; "Dex", "Robo", "Cough Syrup", "DXM")
- "Triple C's, Coricidin, Skittles" refers to potentially fatal formulations containing dextromethorphan and chlorpheniramine.
- ketamine (K; Reason, Ketaset, Ketanest; "Ket", "Kit Kat", "Special-K", "Vitamin K", "Jet Fuel", "Horse Tranquilizer")
- methoxetamine (Mex, Mket, Mexi)
- phencyclidine (PCP; Sernyl; "Angel Dust", "Rocket Fuel", "Sherm", "Killer Weed", "Super Grass")
- nitrous oxide (N 2 O; "NOS", "Laughing Gas", "Whippets", "Balloons")
- dextromethorphan (DXM; Robitussin, Delsym, etc.; "Dex", "Robo", "Cough Syrup", "DXM")
- Psychedelics
- Phenethylamines
- 2C-B ("Nexus", "Venus", "Eros", "Bees")
- 2C-E ("Eternity", "Hummingbird")
- 2C-I ("Infinity")
- 2C-T-2 ("Rosy")
- 2C-T-7 ("Blue Mystic", "Lucky 7")
- DOB
- DOC
- DOI
- DOM ("Serenity, Tranquility, and Peace" ("STP"))
- MDMA ("Ecstasy", "E", "Molly", "Mandy", "MD", "Crystal Love")
- mescaline (found in peyote, cactus of Peruvian torch and cactus of San Pedro)
- Tryptamines (including ergolines and lysergamides)
- 5-MeO-DiPT ("Foxy", "Foxy Methoxy")
- 5-MeO-DMT (found in plants such as chacruna, jurema, vilca, and yopo)
- alpha-methyltryptamine (? MT; Indopan; "Spirals")
- bufotenin (secreted by Bufo alvarius , also found in various mushrooms Amanita )
- dimethyltryptamine (DMT; "Dimitri", "Disneyland", "Spice"; found in most plants and animals as it is a common metabolite)
- lysergic acid amide (LSA; ergine; found in morning glory and Hawaiian baby Hawaiian seed)
- lysergic acid diethylamide (LSD; L; Delysid; "Acid", "Sid". "Cid", "Lucy", "Sidney", "Blotters", "Droppers", "Sugar Cubes")
- psilocin (found in psilocybin mushrooms)
- psilocybin (also found in psilocybin mushrooms; prodrug to psilocin)
- ibogaine (found in Tabernanthe iboga ("Iboga"))
- Phenethylamines
- Atypical salvinorin A (found in Salvia divinorum , a trans -neoclerodane diterpenoid ("/li>
Inhalants are gases, aerosols, or solvents that are inhaled and absorbed through the lungs. While some "inhalant" drugs are used for medical purposes, as in the case of nitrous oxide, dental anesthesia, inhalants are used as recreational drugs for their intoxicating effects. Most non-medical inhaled medicines are household or industrial chemicals that are not intended to be concentrated and inhaled, including organic solvents (found in cleaning products, quick dry glue, and nail polish remover), fuel gasoline) and kerosene), and propellant gases like Freon and compressed hydrofluorocarbons used in aerosol cans such as hairspray, whipped cream, and non-stick cooking spray. A small number of recreational inhalers are pharmaceuticals used unlawfully, such as anesthesia (ether and nitrous oxide) and volatile anti-anginal drugs (alkyl nitrite).
The most serious inhalation abuse occurs among children and adolescents who "[...] live on the streets completely without family ties." Inhalation users inhale vapors or aerosol propellant gas using a plastic bag stored above the mouth or by breathing from a cloth moistened with a solvent or open container. Inhaled effects range from toxicity such as alcohol and intense euphoria to clear hallucinations, depending on the substance and dose. Some inhalation users are injured because of the harmful effects of solvents or gases, or because of other chemicals used in the products they inhaled. As with drugs, users can be injured because of malicious behavior when they are drunk, such as driving under the influence. The computer dust cleaner is harmful to inhalation, because the gas expands and cools rapidly when sprayed. In some cases, the user has died of hypoxia (lack of oxygen), pneumonia, heart failure or arrest, or aspiration of vomiting.
Examples include:
- Chloroform
- Ethyl chloride
- Diethyl ether
- Ethane and ethylene
- Gas laughing (nitrous oxide)
- Poppers (alkyl nitrite)
- Solvents and propellants (including propane, butane, freon, gasoline, kerosene, toluene) and glue smoke containing them
List of over-smoked drugs
Plant:
- tobacco
- hashish
- salvia divinorum
- opium
- datura and others Solanaceae (previously smoked to treat asthma)
- maybe other plants (see section below)
Substances (also not necessarily psychoactive plants soaked with them):
- methamphetamine
- crack cocaine
- heroin black tar
- phencyclidine (PCP)
- synthetic cannabinoids (see also: synthetic cannabis)
- dimethyltryptamine (DMT)
- 5-MeO-DMT
- many others, including some prescription drugs
List of psychoactive plants, fungi and animals
Minimal psychoactive plants that contain mainly caffeine and theobromine:
- coffee
- tea (caffeine in tea sometimes called theine) - also contains theanine
- guarana (caffeine in guarana is sometimes called guaranine)
- yerba mate (caffeine in yerba mate is sometimes called mateine)
- cocoa
- cola
Tanaman psikoaktif yang paling dikenal:
- ganja: cannabinoids
- tembakau: alkaloid nicotine beta-carboline
- coca: cocaine
- opium poppy: morphine, code maniac opiat
- salvia divinorum: salvinorin A
- khat: cathine dan cathinone
- coffee: kavalactones
- piece: mysterious
Solanaceae plants - contain atropine, hyoscyamine and skopolamine
- datura
- deadly nightshade atropa belladona
- polite
- mandrake ( Mandragora )
- other Solanaceae
Cacti dengan mescaline:
- peyote
- obor Peru kaktus
- San Pedro cactus
The Law of Tanama:
- short: mitragynine, mitraphylline, 7-hydroxymitragynine, raubasine dan corynantheidine
- ephedra: ephedrine
- damiana
- Calea zacatechichi
- Silene capensis
- valerian: valerian (bahan chemia dengan nama yang sama)
- berbagai tanaman seperti chacruna, jurema, vilca, dan yopo - 5-MeO-DMT
- Hawaiian Baby Woodrose Morning Glory - Lysergic Acid Acid (LSA, ergine)
- Ayahuasca Tabernanthe iboga ("Iboga") - ibogaine Areca catechu
- Rauvolfia serpentina : rauwolscine
- yohimbe ( Pausinystalia yohimbe ): yohimbine, corynantheidine
- mungkin banyak legacy
Mushrooms:
- psilocybin mushrooms: psilocybin and psilocin
- various Amanita mushrooms: muscimol
- Amanita muscaria : ibotenic acid and muscimol
- Claviceps purpurea and other Clavicipitaceae: ergotamine (not the psychoactive itself but used in LSD synthesis)
Hewan psikoaktif:
- ikan halusinogen
- kodok psikoaktif: bufotenin, Bufo alvarius (Kodok Sungai Colorado atau Sonora Desert toad) juga mengandung 5-MeO-DMT
Galeri
Lihat juga
- Obat palsu
- Pengurangan permintaan
- Pendidikan narkoba
- teori obat Gateway
- Entheogen
- Pengurangan bahaya
- Perdagangan narkoba ilegal
- Larangan (obat-obatan)
- Ungu minum
- Penggunaan rekreasi dextromethorphan
- Penggunaan rekreasi ketamin
Referensi
Tautan eksternal
- Obat Sintetis: Gambaran Umum dan Masalah untuk Layanan Penelitian Kongres Kongres
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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