Extrapolation (or expired ) is the breath flow of an organism. In humans it is the movement of air from the lungs out of the airways, to the external environment during breathing.
This occurs because of the elastic nature of the lungs, as well as the internal intercostal muscles that lower the ribs and decrease the thoracic volume. When the thoracic diaphragm relaxes while exhaling it, causing the suppressed tissue to rise superior and put pressure on the lungs to release air. During forced blowing, such as when blowing out candles, expiratory muscles including abdominal muscles and internal intercostal muscles produce abdominal and thoracic pressures, which force air out of the lungs.
The exhaled air is rich in carbon dioxide, a product of cellular respiration waste during energy production, which is stored as ATP. Exhalation has a complementary relationship with inhalation that together form the respiratory breathing cycle.
Video Exhalation
Breathing and gas exchange
The main reason for exhaling is to cleanse the body of carbon dioxide, which is a waste product of gas exchange in humans. Air is brought in through inhalation. During this process air enters through the lungs. Diffusion in the alveoli allows the exchange of O 2 to pulmonary capillaries and removal of CO 2 and other gas from pulmonary capillaries for exhalation. In order for the lungs to release air, the diaphragm will relax, which pushes into the lungs. The air then flows through the trachea then through the larynx and pharynx to the nasal cavity and oral cavity where it is ejected out of the body. Spend the breath longer than inhaling because it is believed to facilitate a better gas exchange. Part of the nervous system helps regulate breathing in humans. The exhaled air is not just carbon dioxide; containing mixtures of other gases. The human breath contains volatile organic compounds (VOCs). These compounds consist of methanol, isoprene, acetone, ethanol and other alcohols. The blended mixture also contains ketones, water and other hydrocarbons.
During respiration that the olfactory contribution to taste occurs contrary to the common odor that occurs during the inhalation phase.
Maps Exhalation
Spirometry
Spirometry is used to measure lung function. Total pulmonary capacity (TLC), functional residual capacity (FRC), residual volume (RV), and vital capacity (VC) are all values ​​that can be tested using this method. Spirometry is used to help detect, but not diagnose, respiratory problems such as COPD, and asthma. This is a simple and cost-effective screening method. Further evaluation of a person's respiratory function can be performed by assessing minute ventilation, forced vital capacity (FVC), and forced expiratory volume (FEV). These values ​​differ in men and women because men tend to be bigger than women.
TLC is the maximum amount of air in the lungs after maximum inhalation. In men, the average TLC is 6000 ml, and in women it is 4200 ml. FRC is the amount of air remaining in the lungs after normal breathing. Men leave about 2400 ml on average while women maintain about 1800 ml. RV is the amount of air left in the lungs after being forced out. The average RV in men is 1200 ml and women are 1100 ml. VC is the maximum amount of air that can be exhaled after maximum inhalation. Men tend to average 4800 ml and women 3100 ml.
Asthma, COPD, and smokers have reduced airflow capability. People suffering from asthma and COPD show decreased air exhaled due to inflammation of the airways. This inflammation causes a constriction of the airways which allows less air to be exhaled. Many things that cause inflammation of some examples are cigarette smoke and environmental interactions such as allergies, weather, and exercise. In smokers, the inability to exhale completely is due to the loss of elasticity in the lungs. The smoke in the lungs causes them to harden and become less elastic, which prevents the lungs from developing or shrinking as usual.
The dead space can be determined by two types of anatomical and physiological factors. Some physiological factors have non-perfuse but ventilated alveoli, such as pulmonary embolism or smoking, excessive ventilation of the alveoli, which is carried in relation to perfusion, in people with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, and "shunt dead space," the error between the left lung to the right that drives a higher concentration of CO2 in the venous blood to the side of the artery. Anatomical factors are the size of respiratory tract, valve, and respiratory system tubing. The physiological lung dead space can affect the amount of dead space also by factors including smoking, and disease. The dead space is a key factor for the lungs to work due to differences in pressure, but it can also hinder the person.
One of the reasons we can breathe is because of the elasticity of the lungs. The average internal surface of the lungs in a non-emphysemic person is usually 63m2 and can accommodate about 5lts of air volume. Both lungs have the same amount of surface area as half of a tennis court. Diseases such as, emphysema, tuberculosis, can reduce the amount of surface area and elasticity of the lungs. Another major factor in lung elasticity is smoking because of the residue left in the lungs from smoking. Elasticity of the lungs can be trained to expand further.
Brain engagement
Brain control of breathing can be broken down into voluntary control and unconscious control. During voluntary breathing, air is stored in the lungs and released at a fixed rate. Examples of voluntary expiration include: singing, speaking, exercising, playing a musical instrument, and voluntary hyperpnea. Unconscious breathing includes metabolic and behavioral respiration.
Voluntary expiration
The neurological pathways of voluntary breathing are complex and not fully understood. However, some fundamental things are known. The motor cortex in the cerebral cortex of the brain is known to control voluntary respiration because the motor cortex controls voluntary muscle movement. This is referred to as a corticospinal pathway or an elevated breathing pathway. Electrical signal lines start in the motor cortex, into the spinal cord, and then into the respiratory muscles. Spinal neurons connect directly to the respiratory muscles. Initiation of contraction and voluntary relaxation from internal and external internal costals have been shown to occur in the superior part of the primary cortex motor. Posterior to the thoracic control site (in the superior part of the primary cortex motor) is the center for the control of the diaphragm. Studies show that there are many other sites in the brain that may be associated with voluntary expiration. The inferior portion of the main motor cortex may be involved, in particular, in controlled breathing. Activity has also been seen in additional motor areas and the premotor cortex during voluntary respiration. This is most likely due to the mental focus and preparation of voluntary muscle movements.
Voluntary expiration is essential for many types of activities. Phonic respiration (speech generation) is a type of controlled expiration that is used every day. Generation of speech depends entirely on expiration, this can be seen by trying to speak while inhaling. Using the airflow from the lungs, one can control the duration, amplitude, and pitch. While air is released flowing through the glottis causes vibration, which produces sound. Depending on the glottic movement, the tone of voice changes and the intensity of the air through the glottis changes the volume of sound produced by the glottis.
Accidental expiration
Uncontrolled respiration is controlled by the respiratory center in the medulla oblongata and the pons. The medullary respiratory center can be subdivided into anterior and posterior sections. They are called respiratory ventral and dorsal respiratory groups respectively. The pontine respiratory group consists of two parts: the central pneumothorax and apneustic center. These four centers are located in the brain stem and work together to control unintentional breathing. In our case, the ventral respiratory group (VRG) controls forced breathing.
Neurological pathways for unconscious breathing are called bulbospinal pathways. This is also referred to as decreased respiratory tract. "This line decreases along the ventralateral column of the spine.The descending channel for autonomic inspiration lies laterally, and the channel for autonomic expiration rests on the abdomen." The autonomic inspiration is controlled by the pontine breathing center and the medullary respiratory center. In our case, VRG controls autonomic respiration. Signals from VRG are sent along the spinal cord to some nerves. These nerves include the intercostal, phrenic, and stomach. These nerves lead to specific muscles they control. The descending bulbospinal path of the VRG allows the respiratory center to control muscle relaxation, leading to respiration.
Yawn
Yawning is considered a non-respiratory gas movement. Non-respiratory gas movement is another process that moves air in and out of the lungs that does not include breathing. Yawning is a reflex that tends to interfere with normal breathing rhythms and is believed to be contagious as well. The reason why we evaporate is unknown, but some people think we are yawning as a way to regulate body levels of O 2 and CO 2 . Studies conducted in a controlled environment with varying degrees of O 2 and CO 2 have denied the hypothesis. Although there is no concrete explanation as to why we are yawning, others think people breathe out as a cooling mechanism for our brains. Animal studies have supported this notion and perhaps humans can also be attributed to it. What is known is that the yawns do ventilate all the alveoli in the lungs.
Receptor
Some receptor groups in the body regulate metabolic respiration. These receptors signal the respiratory center to initiate inhalation or respiration. Peripheral chemoreceptors are located in the arteries of the aorta and carotids. They respond to changes in oxygen levels in blood, carbon dioxide, and H by signaling the pons and medulla. Irritating receptors and strains in the lungs can directly cause respiration. Both feel foreign particles and promote spontaneous cough. They are also known as mechanoreceptors because they recognize physical changes rather than chemical changes. The chemoreceptor center in the medulla also recognizes chemical variations in H . In particular, they monitor changes in pH in medullary interstitual fluid and cerebral spinal fluid.
See also
- Inhalation
References
External links
- Exhaling at the National Library of Medicine US Subject of Medical Subject (MeSH)
- Physiology: 4/4ch2/s4ch2_14 - The Importance of Human Physiology
Source of the article : Wikipedia
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