Cades Cove is a remote valley located in the Tennessee section of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park, USA. The valley is home to many settlers before the establishment of a national park. Today Cades Cove, the most popular destination for visitors to this park, attracts more than two million visitors per year because of its well preserved parks, beautiful mountain views, and abundant wildlife scenery. The Cades Cove Historic District is listed on the National Register of Historic Places.
Video Cades Cove
Geology
Geologically, Cades Cove is a type of valley known as the "limestone window", created by erosion that removes older Precambrian sandstone, exposes the younger Paleozoic limestone beneath it. Other weather-resistant formations, such as Cades sandstone underlying the Rich Mountain in the north and Elkmont and Thunderhead sandstone which form the peak of the Smokies to the south surround the bay, leaving it relatively isolated within the Smokies. Just as neighboring limestone windows like Tuckaleechee to the north and Wear Cove to the east, limestone weathering produces deep and fertile soil, making Cades Cove attractive to early farmers.
The majority of the rocks that form Cades Cove are unchanged sedimentary rocks formed between 340 million and 570 million years ago during the Ordovician Period. Precambrian rocks consisting of high mountains around the bay are the OCOee Supergroup sandstones, formed about a billion years ago. The mountains themselves formed between 200 million and 400 million years ago during the Appalachian orogeny, when the North American and African plates collided, pushing older rock formations over the younger formations.
Gregory Cave
The breaking and weathering of limestone and sandstone at Cades Cove has led to the formation of several caves around it, two of the largest being the Gregory Cave and the Bull Cave. The Bull Cave, at 924 feet (281 m), is the deepest cave in Tennessee. Trilobite and brakiopoda fossils have been found in the Gregory Cave.
The entrance to the Gregory Cave is about 10 feet (3.0 m) wide and 4 feet (1.2 m) tall. The cave consists of one large section that averages 20 to 55 feet (17 m) wide and 15 feet (4.6 m) tall. This section is 435 feet (133 m) long and the sides to the right (south) developed about 300 feet (91 m) from the entrance. This side ends after about 100 feet (30 m). Around this side is the "talley mark" on the wall, which is usually abandoned by saltpeter miners. The dirt on this side of the cave has been dug and removed and signs are still visible on the ground. Slash mining occurred in this region from the late 18th century until the Civil War, so this mining activity must have occurred between 1818, when the settlers arrived at Cades Cove and 1865, the end of the Civil War. Since this is a relatively small cave and the amount of dirt in the cave is not widespread, this would be a small mining operation.
The Gregory Cave is the only cave in the national park ever developed as a commercial cave. The cave was opened to the public in July 1925. After Gregory's property was purchased for the national park in 1935, the Gregory family was given a "lifetime dowry" and the owner, JJ Gregory's wife, Elvira, was allowed to stay there until his death on March 26, 1943. One of his sons was allowed to remain on the property until he harvested his crop in the fall of 1943, after which the property was wholly owned by the National Park Service.
Donald K. MacKay, a geologist from the National Park Service, reported that the Gregory family still showed commercial caves at the end of 1935. At that time, the admission price was 50 cents for adults and children were treated free of charge.
During its history as a commercial cave, the Gregory cave has paths, made of wood in several places, and electric lights. Wesley Herman Gregory, son of J. J. Gregory, reports that the lighting system is a "Delco System" This may be a generator that generates electricity for lights inside the cave.
During the Cold War, the Gregory Cave was designated a sanctuary, with a set capacity of 1,000. The cave is filled with food, water, and other emergency supplies.
Gregory's Cave is now securely secured and the entrance is only allowed from the National Park Service. The entrance is generally limited to scientific researchers.
Maps Cades Cove
History
Initial history
Throughout the 18th century, the Cherokee family used two main routes to cross the Smokies from North Carolina to Tennessee on the way to the Overhill settlement. One is the Indian Gap Trail, which links the Rutherford Indian Trail in the Balsam Mountains to the Great Indian Warpath in modern Sevier County. The other is a lower, curved trail in the Ekaneetlee Gap, a cabbage east of Gregory Bald. This trail crosses Cades Cove and Tuckaleechee Cove before continuing to Great Tellico and other Overhill towns along the Little Tennessee River. European traders have used this trail since 1740.
In 1797 (and probably much earlier), Cherokee had established settlements in Cades Cove known as "Tsiya'hi," or "Otter Place." This village, which may be little more than a seasonal hunting camp, is located somewhere along the Cove Creek plain. Henry Timberlake, an early explorer in East Tennessee, reported that the flow in this area was filled with beavers, though the beaver was extinct at bay when the first European arrivals arrived.
Cades Cove is named after a Tsiya'hi leader known as Head of Kade. Little is known about Chief Kade, although his existence is verified by a European merchant named Peter Snider (1776-1867), who settled near Tuckaleechee Cove. Abrams Creek, which flows through the bay, is named after another local head, Abraham from Chilhowee. A now discredited theory suggests that the bay is named after Abraham's wife, Kate.
In 1819, The Treaty of Calhoun ended all Cherokee claims against the Smokies, and Tsiya'hi was abandoned shortly thereafter. However, the Cherokee will linger in the surrounding forest, occasionally attacking the settlers until 1838 when they were transferred to the Oklahoma Territory (see the Jeep Trail).
European Settlement
John Oliver (1793-1863), an 1812 War veteran, and his wife Lurena Frazier (1795-1888) were the first permanent European settlers at Cades Cove. The Olivers, originally from Carter County, Tennessee, arrived in 1818, accompanied by Joshua Jobe, who initially persuaded them to settle at bay. While Jobe returned to Carter County, the Olivers family remained, struggling through the winter and living off the dry pumpkins given to them by the friendly Cherokees. Jobe returned in the spring of 1819 with a herd of cattle behind him, and gave Olivers two dairy cows to ease their complaints.
In 1821, William "Fighting Billy" Tipton (1761-1849), a veteran of the American Revolution and the son of the Franklin State against John Tipton, bought the large Cades Cove tracts which were then sold to his children and relatives, and the settlement began to boom. In the 1820s, Peter Cable, a farmer of German descent, arrived at the bay and devised an elaborate levee and sluice system that helped dry the marshy soil in the western part of the bay. In 1827, Daniel Foute opened Cades Cove Bloomery Forge into fashion metal tools. Robert Shields arrived at bay in 1835, and would set up a tub factory at Forge Creek. His son, Frederick, built the first cove grinding mill. Other early settlers will build houses in the surrounding mountains, among them Russell Gregory (1795-1864), for whom Gregory Bald is named, and James Spence, who is named Spence Field.
Between 1820 and 1850, Cades Cove's population grew to 671, with average cove farm size between 150 and 300 acres (0.6 and 1.2 km²). The inhabitants of the bay were first, though relatively independent, depending on nearby Tuckaleechee Cove for dry goods and other necessities.
Isolations often associated with Cades Cove may be exaggerated. The post office was established in the bay in 1833, and Sevierville postmist Philip Seaton set the weekly mail route to the bay in 1839. Cades Cove had telephone service as early as the 1890s, when Dan Lawson and some of his neighbors built the telephone line to Maryville. In the 1850s, various roads connected Cades Cove with Tuckaleechee and Montvale Springs, some of which are still retained as seasonal trails or hiking trails.
Religion at Cades Cove
Religion was an important part of life at Cades Cove from the beginning, a reflection of the efforts of John and Lucretia Oliver. The Olivers managed to set up a branch of the Miller Cove Baptist Church to Cades Cove in 1825. After briefly adapting to Wear's Cove Baptist Church, Cades Cove Baptist Church was pronounced an independent entity in 1829.
In the 1830s, a division in Baptist churches known as Anti-Split missions took place throughout East Tennessee. This split develops as disagreements over whether the mission and "other innovations of the day" are endorsed by the Bible. This debate made its way to Cades Cove Baptist Church in 1839, becoming very emotional as it required the intervention of the Tennessee Baptist Tennessee Association. Eventually, thirteen members of the congregation set out to form the Cades Cove Missionary Baptist Church later that year, and the remaining congregation changed its name in 1841 to the Ancient Baptist Church. Ancient Baptists believed in a strict and literal interpretation of Scripture. William Howell Oliver (1857-1940), pastor of the Ancient Baptist Church from 1882 to 1940, explains:
We believe that Jesus Christ Himself instituted the Church, that it was perfect at the beginning, adopted accordingly in its organization to every age of the world, to every realm of the earth, to every state and condition of the world, to every state and human condition, without which change or change also according to time, custom, situation, or area.
Primitive Baptists remain the dominant religious and political forces at bay with their encounters disturbed only by the Civil War. Missionary Baptists, with much smaller congregations, continued to meet intermittently throughout the 19th century.
The Cades Cove Methodist Church was organized in the 1820s, possibly through the efforts of circuit riders like George Eakin. The Methodist church, like the Missionary Baptists, is small.
Civil War
In the decades before the Civil War, Blount County, Tennessee, was a hotbed of abolitionist activity. The Manumission Society of Tennessee was active in this area in early 1815, and Quaker - relatively large in Blount at the time - strongly opposed the slavery they fought with the Union forces, regardless of their pacifists. Event schedule. Founder of Maryville College, Rev. Isaac L. Anderson, is a persistent abolitionist who often gives lectures at Cades Cove. Blount doctor Calvin Post (1803-1873) is believed to have established the Underground Railroad stopped inside the bay in the years before the war. With such sentiments and influences, Cades Cove remains firmly pro-Union, regardless of the destruction it suffered during the war (there are some exceptions, however, such as wealthy businessmen and vocal sympathizers, Daniel Foute).
In 1863, Confederate shrubs from Hazel Creek and other parts of North Carolina began to make systematic attacks on Cades Cove, stealing cattle and killing every Union supporter they could find. Elijah Oliver (1829-1905), son of John Oliver and Union sympathizer, was forced to hide on Mount Kaya during most of the war. Calvin Post was also hiding, and with the death of John Oliver in 1863, the bay lost most of its original leaders.
Although Federal troops occupied Knoxville in 1863, the Confederate attack on Cades Cove continued. An important figure today is Russell Gregory, who originally vowed to remain neutral after his son defected to the Confederacy. Gregory organized a small militia, composed mostly of the old men of the bay, and in 1864 ambushed a group of Confederate fighters near the junction of Forge Creek and Abrams Creek. The Confederation was directed and chased back across the Smokies to North Carolina. Although this largely ended the raids, a group of Confederates managed to sneak into the bay and kill Gregory just two weeks later.
Cades Cove suffered from the Civil War for much of the rest of the 19th century. It was only about 1900 that the population returned to pre-war level. However, the average farm is far less productive, and the inhabitants of the bay are suspicious of all forms of change. It was not until the Progressive Era that the bay recovered economically.
Moonshining and Prohibition
The Chestnut Flats area of ​​Cades Cove, located on the base of Gregory Bald, is famous for producing high quality corn liquor. Among the more prominent moonshine refiners were Josiah "Joe Banty" Gregory (1870-1933), son of Matilda "Aunt Tildy" Shields by her first marriage. Primitive Baptists, notably William Oliver and his son, John W. Oliver (1878-1966), were strongly opposed to refining or alcohol consumption, and his practice was largely confined to Chestnut Flats. John W. Oliver, the letter sender at the bay, is often found stationary on his postal route and reports it to the authorities. Oliver will then scoff at the moonshiner image as an integral part of the mountaineer's stereotype:
These are all public criminals, and are never recognized as true or faithful mountain climbers or as true American citizens, by the rank and file of mountain people.
In 1921, Josiah Gregory was still invaded by the Blount County sheriff. Although it later revealed that the sheriff was given a lead by a surveyor in the area, Gregorys blamed Olivers. On the night after the attack, the granaries of both William and John W. Oliver burned, destroying most of the cattle and family equipment. Shortly thereafter, Gregory's son was assaulted by Asa and John Sparks after false jokes. In response, Gregory and his brother, Dana, chased and shot the Sparks brothers on Christmas Eve in 1921. Both Gregorys were convicted of burning the barn and later punished for a felonious attack. However, after serving only six months, they were pardoned and personally led back by Governor Austin Peay.
As mentioned earlier, Gregory's cave may also be involved in making moonshine.
National Park
Of all the Smoky Mountain communities, Cades Cove makes the greatest resistance to the establishment of the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The inhabitants of the bay initially made sure their land would not be put into the park, and welcomed its formation. In 1927, the wind changed, and when the Tennessee General Assembly passed a bill approving money to buy land for a national park, it gave the Park Commission the power to seize the property within the park boundaries proposed by the leading domain. The old residents of Cades Cove are angry. Park Commission chairman Colonel David Chapman received several threats, including an anonymous phone who warned him that if he returned to Cades Cove, he would "spend the next night in hell." Not long afterwards, Chapman found a sign near the entrance of the bay that reads {sic}:
COL. CHAPMAN: YOU AND HOAST IS NOT WRONG, LEAVE PEOPL COVELL. EXECUTE. GET GO. 40 M. LIMIT.
The "40 mile" (64 km) limit refers to the distance between Cades Cove and Chapman's hometown of Knoxville. Despite this threat, Chapman initiated a lawsuit against John W. Oliver in July 1929. The court, however, decided to support Oliver, the reason that the federal government has never said Cades Cove is so important to the national park. Shortly after the verdict, the Secretary of the Interior officially announced that the bay was necessary, and another censure lawsuit was filed. This time, Oliver lost, with the case going to the Tennessee High Court. Oliver will return to court several times over his 375-acre value (1.5Ã, kmÃ,²), which he says is worth $ 30,000, even though the court gave him only $ 17,000 plus interest. After reaching a one-year lease, Oliver finally left his property on Christmas Day in 1937. The Primitive Baptist Church sessions continued to meet at Cades Cove until the 1960s for opposing the Park Service, who wanted to develop the land on which they were located.
For about a hundred years before the creation of a national park, much of the farming and logging was done in the valley, as a major source of economic development for people living in the bay, both leading to massive deforestation. Initially, the National Park Service planned to leave the bay back to its natural forested state. It eventually resulted in requests from the Great Smoky Mountain Conservation Association to keep Cades Cove as a pasture. At the suggestion of contemporary cultural experts such as Hans Huth, the service was destroying more modern structures, leaving only the primitive cabins and barns considered most representative of pioneer life in early Appalachia.
Historical structure in Cades Cove
Cades Cove has been listed on the National Register of Historic Places as a historic district since July 13, 1977. This historic district is bordered by a 6-meter elevation contour (comprising all areas below that height) and includes historic buildings and prehistoric archaeological sites.
The National Park Service currently maintains several buildings in Cades Cove representing a pioneering life in the 19th-century Appalachia. By the time the bay was parked, most of the population lived in relatively modern skeletons, rather than the wooden cabin dominating amongst the preserved buildings of the bay.
The following is listed in the order they approached along the Cades Cove Ring Road:
1. The John Oliver Cabin , built c. 1822-1823 by the first permanent European settlers in the bay. Dunn reports that the Olivers spent the winter of 1818-1819 in an abandoned Cherokee cottage, and built a rough structure the following year. The Oliver cabin was built in lieu of this first raw structure, which is located a few meters behind the cabin.
2. The Primitive Baptist Church was built in 1887. The Church was organized as Cades Cove Baptist Church in 1827, and renamed the "Primitive Baptist" after the Anti-Mission Division in 1841. The Olivers and Russell Gregory is buried in his funeral.
3. The Cades Cove Methodist Church was built in 1902. Methodist was active in the bay in the early 1820s, and built their first meeting house in 1840.
4. Mission Cades Cove Baptist Church , the current building was built in 1915-1916. The Church was formed from a small faction of Cades Cove Baptist in 1839 who had broken out of the main church because of a mission debate, which was not considered by Cades Cove Baptist by the scriptures.
5. The Myers Barn , built in 1920. Myers Barn is a more modern barn that lies along the path leading to Elijah Oliver Place.
6. The Elijah Oliver Place , was built in 1866. Elijah Oliver (1829-1905) was the son of John and Lucretia Oliver. The original farm was destroyed during the US Civil War by Confederate fighters. The homestead includes a dog-ran cabin, chicken coop, corn bed, spring house, and raw stable.
The John Cable Grist Mill, built in 1868. John P. Cable (1819-1891), nephew of Peter Cable, had to build an elaborate series of diversions along Mill Creek and Forge Creek to get enough water strength for overshot wheel factory characteristics.
8. The Becky Cable House , built in 1879. This building, adjacent to the Cable Mill, was originally used by Leason Gregg as a general store. In 1887, he sold it to the virgin daughter John Cable, Rebecca Cable (1844-1940). The Cable family tradition says that Rebecca never forgave her father and refused to marry after her father decided on one of her childhood romances. Various buildings have been moved from elsewhere in the bay and placed near the Cable Factory, including warehouses, carriage houses, chicken coops, molasses still, tap sorghum, and replica blacksmith shop.
9. The Henry Whitehead Cabin , built 1895-1896. This cabin, located on Forge Creek Road near Chestnut Flats, was built by Matilda "Aunt Tildy" Shields and her second husband, Henry Whitehead (1851-1914). The shield children from their first marriage were prominent figures in the astrological trade of cove.
10. The Dan Lawson Place , built by Peter Cable in the 1840s and acquired by Dan Lawson (1827-1905) after marrying Cable's daughter Mary Jane. Lawson was the richest in the bay. The homestead includes cabins (still called Cabin Cables Peter), smoke houses, chicken coops, and a hay barn.
11. Tipton Place , was built in the 1880s by the descendants of Rev. William's "Fighting Billy" veterans Tipton. The panel at home is an additional later. Along with the cabin, the homestead includes a train house, smoke house, wooden spot and a double-cantilevered warehouse that is often photographed.
12. The Carter Shields Cabin , kabin kayu pedesaan yang dibangun pada tahun 1880-an.
Tur
Although geographically isolated, Cades Cove is currently a popular tourist destination in the Great Smoky Mountains National Park. The one-way circle, eleven kilometers (18 km) around Cades Cove attracts thousands of visitors every day. Eleven miles may take more than four hours to cross and see the site during the holiday season. The bay receives about 5 million visitors per year and is the most popular destination in the Smokey Mountain National Forest.
The bay attracted attention for many black bear sightings, although many fans traveled for abundant hiking access and well-preserved 19th-century homesteads. Almost every day, many deer can be seen in the meadows and forests along the bay. Popular hiking trails within this bay include the paths to Abrams Falls (a nearly five-mile hike) and Gregory Bald, the latter named after Russell Gregory, a prominent resident at bay. In addition to hiking and public walks, horseback riding (see below) and cycling are popular activities.
References
External links
- US. Geological Survey Geographic Names Information System: Cades Cove
- Website of Cades Cove, Great Smoky Mountains National Park
- Great Volcano Association - National Park Nonprofit Partner, popular garden mapmaker, guide and book, and operates all official garden information and visitor centers
- Photo of Cades Cove, List of National Historic Sites
- Cades Cove Preservation Association
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Plan Your Visit: Cades Cove
- Great Smoky Mountains National Park: Maps
Source of the article : Wikipedia
0 Comments